Key Concepts in Inferential Statistics
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27 Terms
Statistic
A numerical characteristic or measure obtained by using the data values from a sample.
Parameter
A numerical characteristic or measure obtained by using the data values from a population.
Sampling distribution
The probability distribution of a statistic obtained through a large number of samples drawn from a specific population.
Hypothesis testing
A method of making statistical decisions using experimental data.
Null hypothesis
The hypothesis that there is no significant difference or effect, denoted as H0.
Alternative hypothesis
The hypothesis that there is a significant difference or effect, denoted as Ha.
Directional hypothesis
A hypothesis that specifies the direction of the expected difference or effect.
Nondirectional hypothesis
A hypothesis that does not specify the direction of the expected difference or effect.
Two-tailed hypothesis
A hypothesis test that considers both directions of the effect.
One-tailed hypothesis
A hypothesis test that considers only one direction of the effect.
Critical value
The threshold value that determines the boundary for rejecting the null hypothesis.
Rejection region
The area in the tails of the sampling distribution where the null hypothesis is rejected.
Alpha level
The probability of making a Type I error, commonly set at 0.05.
Statistical significance
A determination that the observed effect is unlikely to have occurred under the null hypothesis.
Type I error
The error made when rejecting a true null hypothesis.
Type II error
The error made when failing to reject a false null hypothesis.
Power
The probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis.
Effect size
A quantitative measure of the magnitude of a phenomenon.
Confidence Interval
A range of values that is likely to contain the population parameter with a specified level of confidence.
Practical significance
The real-world importance or relevance of a statistical finding.
M
Sample mean.
s
Sample standard deviation.
H0
Null hypothesis.
Ha
Alternative hypothesis.
r
Correlation coefficient.
ÎĽ
Population mean.
α
Alpha.