Gen. Bio. II (copy)

genetic engineering

• process in which pieces of DNA are transferred from one organism to another.

• directly changing, adding, or subtracting, of an organism's genes.

dna recombination

• process of modifying the genes of organisms for practical purposes.

• done when a piece of DNA is combined with another DNA from another source.

recombinant dna

• the product of recombination 

• organisms get to have traits not normally found in the their species: known as GMO.

genetically modified organisms

“GMO” stands for?

stewart lim and werner arber

discovered restriction enzymes (endonuclease) in E.Coli.

endonuclease

cuts dna at a specific site where there are adjacent base sequences to create sticky ends on the cut dna site allowing dna fragments to join together.

herbert boyer and stanley cohen

formed successful experiments:

• 1st: the recombination of plasmids in the DNA of E.Coli

• 2nd: recombination of plasmid DNA with frog DNA (resulted in the production of an extra protein)

5 steps in genetic engineering

1. isolation of the Genes

2. insertion of those genes into a transfer vector (a virus/plasmid used as a conduit)

3. transfer of the vector to the organism to be modified

4. transformation of the organisms cells

5. separation of the genetically modified organisms (GMO) from organisms that have not been successfully modified

1. isolation

2. insertion

3. transfer

4. transformation

5. separation

what are the 5 steps in genetic engineering? (one word each step)

1. gel electrophoresis

2. dna splicing

3. polymerase chain reactions

what are the 3 common technologies and tools used in recombinant dna technology?

gel electrophoresis

• is a method used to separate dna fragments based on their size.

• the movement of charged molecules occuring in an electrical field that occurs on a gel medium.

• smaller fragments move faster, larger fragments move slower.

• a mixture of dna fragments is places at one end of a porous gel, and an electric voltage is applied to the gel.

• this is important for characterizing dna fragments, fingerprinting, comparing the genome of different organisms, etc.

agarose gel

it is a gel used in electrophoresis that is obtained from seaweed.

dna splicing

• a method used to provide the identity and order of the nucleotides in a dna strand. small and single-stranded pieces of dna are placed in test tubes with an enzyme that can make a complementary dna strand by using the original dna strand as a template.

• a supply of the four nucleotide bases found in dna are then added, along with a small amount of one of the bases that has been labeled with fluorescent dyes.

polymerase chain reactions (PCR)

• its goal is to amplify specific DNA sequences

• important in detecting diseases/infectious agents

• to make copies of a piece of DNA

• dna is heated to separate its two strands then cooled to allow the primers to bind to the single-stranded dna.

priers

short dna strands that provide a place for the DNA polymerase to start working. As the polymerase starts working, new strands of the separated DNA are formed. Continuous heating and cooling allows further separation of DNA and formation of new DNA strands.

1. denaturation

2. annealing

3. extension

what are the 4 main steps of polymerase chain reactions (PCR)?