parasitology- protozoa

flagellate

what type of protozoa is Trypanosoma?

eukaryotic

are protozoas prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

-they have a true nucleus

-multiplication

-feeding is different

-cellular membrane

-certain organelles

why are protozoa different than prokaryotes?

they are unicellular

protozoas are not typical eukaryotes because....

yes

do protozoas have a nucleus?

-endoplasmic reticulum

-ribosomes

-mitochondria

-subpelicular microtubules

-axostyle

-costa

-polar rings

-pseudopods

-flagella (axoneme, blefaroplast, kinetoplast)

-undulating membrane

-cilia

-cytostome

-microcytostomes

what organelles do protozoas have?

subpelicular microtubules

axostyle

costa

polar rings (for fixating the microtubules)

what structures make up a protozoa's cytoskeleton?

pseudopods

flagella (with sheath, axoneme, blefaroplast, kinetoplast)

undulating membrane

cilia

subpelicular microtubules

what structures does a protozoa have to help it move?

the central filament of the flagella

what is the axoneme of a protozoa?

the root of the flagella, holding it to the body

what is the blefaroplast?

a section of the DNA that is outside of the nucleus, associated with a big mitochondria

what is the kinetoplast?

an invagination of the protozoa, acting as a tiny mouth

what is the cytostome?

cytostome

what is the mouth of the protozoa called?

blood or tissues

protozoa that are located in _________ perform aerobic respiration

poor oxygen environments (GI and genital tract, abscesses)

protozoa that are located in _________ perform anaerobic respiration

simple diffusion- mostly eliminates ammonia

fecal vacuole- eliminates residue from the phagolysosome

how do protozoa eliminate waste?

if they are inside of a host cell, their excretion products are released inside of it. when the host cell is lysed, the waste materials are released into the host's body, which is toxic

what is the problem with the excretion of protozoas?

osmoregulation

what are the contractile vacuoles in protozoa for?

both

asexually by binary/multiple fission or budding

sexually by conjugation or syngamy

or metagenesis- alternation of both

do protozoa reproduce asexually or sexually?

a method of sexual reproduction of protozoa, where 2 protozoa unite and facilitate the exchange of their nuclear material

what is conjugation?

a method of sexual reproduction of protozoa: the fusion of the 2 gametes, resulting in the formation of a fertilized cell/zygote

what is syngamy?

the alternation of sexual and asexual phases

what is metagenesis?

binary fission: symmetrogenic (following an axis) or homotetogenic (transversal)

multiple fission: schizogony/merogony

budding: internal or external

what are ways that a protozoa can reproduce asexually?

binary fission

(top- symmetrogenic; bottom- homotetogenic)

what type of reproduction is this?

multiple fission

what type of reproduction is this?

internal budding

what type of reproduction is this?

external budding

what type of reproduction is this?

syngamy

what is the type of sexual reproduction that protozoa do that involves the exchange of genetic material using fusion?

conjugation

what is the type of sexual reproduction that protozoa do that involves the exchange of genetic material without using fusion?

isogamy- fusion of identical gametes

anisogamy- fusion of a macrogamete and microgamete

what are the 2 types of syngamy?

conjugation

what is this type of reproduction?

syngamy (anisogamy bc they are a microgamete+a macrogamete)

what is this type of reproduction?

trophozoite

the active stage of protozoa is called ______

cyst

the resistant phase of protozoa that lives in the environment is called ____

the active phase of protozoa

what is a trophozoite?

a resistant phase of protozoa for survival outside of a host

it is resistant to pH, temperature, O2 tension, dessication, hypertonic solutions, gastric acid

what is a cyst?

cyst

which stage of protozoa is infective?

inside- and then released to the environment

are cysts created inside or outside of the host?

amoebas

flagellates

apicomplexa

ciliates

what are the different classifications of protozoa?

Entamoeba

which protozoa genus is an amoeba?

amoeba

what type of protozoa is Entamoeba?

Balantidium

what protozoa genus do we study that is a ciliate?

ciliate

what type of protozoa is Balantidium classified as?

Giardia

Trichomonas

Trypanosoma

Leishmania

which protozoa genera do we study that are classified as flagellates?

flagellate

what type of protozoa is Giardia?

flagellate

what type of protozoa is Trichomonas?

flagellate

what type of protozoa is Leishmania?

Eimeria

Isospora

Cryptosporidium

Sarcocystis

Toxoplasma

Neospora

which protozoas are intestinal apicomplexas?

Babesia

Theileria

Plasmodium

Haemoproteus

Leucocytozoon

which protozoas are hematic apicomplexas?

intestinal apicomplexa

what type of protozoa is Isospora?

intestinal apicomplexa

what type of protozoa is Eimeria?

intestinal apicomplexa

what type of protozoa is Cryptosporidium?

intestinal apicomplexa

what type of protozoa is Sarcocystis?

intestinal apicomplexa

what type of protozoa is Toxoplasma?

intestinal apicomplexa

what type of protozoa is Neospora?

hematic apicomplexa

what type of protozoa is Babesia?

hematic apicomplexa

what type of protozoa is Theileria?

hematic apicomplexa

what type of protozoa is Haemoproteus?

hematic apicomplexa

what type of protozoa is Plasmodium?

hematic apicomplexa

what type of protozoa is Leucocytozoon?

amoebas

which type of protozoa do we describe as amorph- having no shape?

yes

do Entamoebas form cysts?

Entamoeba histolytica

which species of Entamoeba infects primates, dogs and humans and has 4 nuclei per cyst?

primates, dogs, humans

Entamoeba histolytica infects what animals?

large intestine

where in the body does Entamoeba histolytica infect?

bloody diarrhea

what clinical sign does Entamoeba histolytica produce?

4

the cyst of Entamoeba histolytica has ____ nuclei

in feces

how are Entamoeba histolytica excreted from the body?

it invades the colon and destroys the tissue, producing bloody diarrhea

what effect does Entamoeba histolytica have on its host?

large intestine; primates, humans, pigs, rodents

Balantidium coli infects the______ of ______

Balantidium coli

which protozoa has a kidney shaped nucleus in the cyst?

watery diarrhea

what is the effect of

Balantidium coli?

Balantidium coli

which protozoa is normally seen in the large intestine of pigs, and are usually not pathogenic, but can become pathogenic when there is a diet change of high carbohydrates and low protein?

large intestine of pigs; they change to a high carbohydrate, low protein diet

Balantidium coli is normally present in the __________, but becomes pathogenic when ______

Trypanosoma

Leishmania

which flagellates are hematic flagellates?

vectors, 2

both Trypanosoma and Leishmania are transmitted by ______ and have _____ different life stages

epimastigote- in vector (Glossina)

tripomastigote- in vertebrates

what are the 2 stages of Trypanosoma?

Trypanosoma

which protozoa has 2 life stages- epimastigote and trypomastigote?

Leishmania

which protozoa has 2 life stages- promastigote and amastigote?

fecal-oral route

how is Entamoeba transmitted?

by bedbugs (Glossina)

how is Trypanosoma transmitted?

by Phlebotomus

how is Leishmania transmitted?

epimastigote

when Trypanosoma is inside of a bedbug vector, it is called ....

trypomastigote

when Trypanosoma is inside of its vertebrate host, it is called ....

promastigote

when Leishmania is inside of a Phlebotomus vector, it is called ....

amastigote

when Leishmania is inside of its vertebrate host, it is called ....

Leishmania

what genus do these belong to?

promastigote

which version of Leishmania is seen inside the vector?

amastigote

which version of Leishmania is seen inside the vertebrate host?

inside of macrophages

where in the vertebrate host can we find Leishmania amastigotes?

Trypanosoma

what genus do these belong to?

trypomastigote

which version of Trypanosoma would we find inside of the vertebrate host?

epimastigote

which version of Trypanosoma would we find inside of the Glossina vector?

Trypanosoma trypomastigotes

what is this?

yes

are Trypanosomas zoonotic?

yes

are Entamoeba histolytica zoonotic?

Trypanosoma

the infarctions are due to the deposition of immune complexes in the kidney

what protozoa causes these tiny red infarctions in the kidneys?

Leishmania amastigotes

what protozoa is this?

Leishmania

which protozoa uses a Phlebotomus as its vector?

domestic dogs

what animal suffers the most when infected by Leishmania?