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Catholic Church
The dominant church in Europe until the 16th century, representing a singular conception of God.
95 Theses
Martin Luther's document published in 1517 rejecting the corrupt practices of the Catholic Church.
Protestantism
A branch of Christianity that emerged following the Reformation, characterized by diverse beliefs and practices.
King Henry VIII
The English king who broke away from the Catholic Church to establish the Church of England.
Lollards
A Christian group that separated from the Church of England and was persecuted to extinction.
Puritans
A group of Christians who fled to America to escape persecution and practice their beliefs freely.
Methodism
A denomination established by John Wesley as a critique of Anglicanism in the 19th century.
New Religious Movements (NRMs)
Groups that emerged in response to disillusionment with mainstream religions, especially in the late 20th century.
Charismatic leaders
Influential figures in NRMs who provided hope and community in turbulent social times.
Unification Church
A NRM known for its communal living and surrogate family structure.
Existential security theory
The idea that poorer individuals may turn to NRMs for comfort and security in the face of poverty.
Theodicy of misfortune
Weber's concept where religions offer supernatural explanations and hope of improvement for those in poverty.
Evangelism
A method of preaching the Christian gospel to attract converts, which may also serve as a status mechanism for some workers.
Faith healing
A practice in some NRMs that involves healing physical or mental issues through religious faith.
Moral certainty
The assurance provided by some NRMs regarding ethical living in a morally declining society.
Spiritual alternatives
Explorations of non-materialistic beliefs that some seek in NRMs or new age movements.
Psychic deprivation
The sense of spiritual emptiness experienced by some, leading them to seek fulfillment in NRMs.
