M1-M2 Pediatric Speech Sounds Disorders Exam 1

/i/

keep (front vowel)

/I/

hit (front vowel)

/e/

rebate (unstressed) (front vowel)

/ɛ/

led (front vowel)

/æ/

mat (front vowel)

/ɑɪ/

buy (dipthong)

/au/

cow (dipthong)

/ɔɪ/

toy (dipthong)

/eɪ/

hate (unstressed) (dipthong)

/oʊ/

coat (dipthong)

/u/

toot (back vowel)

/ɪ/

hit (back vowel)

/ʊ/

look (back vowel)

/o/

obese (back vowel)

/oʊ/

vote (back vowel)

/ɔ/

dawn (back vowel)

/a/

not (back vowel)

/ə/

alone (central vowel)

/ʌ/

but (central vowel)

/ɚ/

perhaps (central vowel) (unstressed)

/ɝ/

heard (central vowel) (stressed)

/p/

pan (stop (plosives) consonant)

/t/

tune (stop (plosive) consonant)

/k/

could (stop (plosive) consonant)

/b/

ban (stop (plosive) consonant)

/d/

dune (stop (plosive) consonant)

/g/

good (stop (plosive) consonant)

/m/

man (nasal consonants)

/n/

new (nasal consonants)

/ŋ/

ring  (nasal consonants)

/f/

form (fricative consonant)

/θ/

thick (fricative consonant)

/ð/

them (fricative consonant)

/s/

sip (fricative consonant)

/ʃ/

shell (fricative consonant)

/h/

ham (fricative consonant)

/v/

van (fricative consonant)

/z/

zoo (fricative consonant)

/ɜ/

regime (fricative consonant)

/tʃ/

chair (affricative consonant)

/dʒ/

jar (affricative consonant)

/j/

yeti (glides/liquid consonant)

/r/

rip (glides/liquid consonant)

/w/

when (glides/liquid consonant)

/l/

lawn (glides/liquid consonant)

/p/ pmv

Place: bilabial

Manner: stop

Voicing: voiced

/b/ pmv

Place: bilabial

Manner: stop

Voicing: voiced

/t/ pmv

Place: alveolar

Manner: stop

Voicing: voiceless

/d/ pmv

Place: alveolar

Manner: stop

Voicing: voiced

/k/ pmv

Place: velar

Manner: stop

Voicing: voiceless

/g/ pmv

Place: velar

Manner: stop

Voicing: voiced

/m/ pmv

Place: bilabial

Manner: nasal

Voicing: voiced

/n/ pmv

Place: alveolar

Manner: nasal

Voicing: voiced

/ŋ/ pmv

Place: velar

Manner: nasal

Voicing: voiced

/i/ h a r t/l

Height: high

Advancement: front

Rounding: unrounded

Tense/Lax: lax

/e/ h a r t/l

Height: high-mid

Advancement: front

Rounding: unrounded

Tense/Lax: tense

/ɛ/ h a r t/l

Height: low-mid

Advancement: front

Rounding: unrounded

Tense/Lax: lax

/æ/ h a r t/l

Height: low

Advancement: front

Rounding: unrounded

Tense/Lax: lax

/u/ h a r t/l

Height: high

Advancement: back

Rounding: rounded

Tense/Lax: tense

/ʊ/ h a r t/l

Height: high

Advancement: back

Rounding: rounded

Tense/Lax: lax

/o/ /oʊ/ h a r t/l

Height: high-mid

Advancement: back

Rounding: rounded

Tense/Lax: tense

/ɔ/ h a r t/l

Height: low-mid

Advancement: back

Rounding: rounded

Tense/Lax: lax

/a/ h a r t/l

Height: low

Advancement: back

Rounding: unrounded

Tense/Lax: tense

/ə/ h a r t/l

Height: mid

Advancement: central

Rounding: unrounded

Tense/Lax: lax

/ʌ/ h a r t/l

Height: low-mid

Advancement: back-central

Rounding: unrounded

Tense/Lax: lax

/ɚ/ h a r t/l

Height: mid

Advancement: central

Rounding: rounded

Tense/Lax: lax

/ɝ/ h a r t/l

Height: mid

Advancement: central

Rounding: rounded

Tense/Lax: tense

consonants vs. vowels

·       Vowel articulation: changes in tongue and lip positioning

o  Vocal folds= Sole sound Source

·       Consonants articulation: constriction in vocal tract that modify breath stream

o  Usually 2 articulators: Tongue is primary (except for /h,b.f/

o  Vocal folds not sole sound source (is involved in voices consonants including all sonorants (comprised of nasals, liquid, glides)\

/f/ pmv

Place: labiodental

Manner: fricative

Voicing: voiceless

/v/ pmv

Place: labiodental

Manner: fricative

Voicing: voiced

/θ/ pmv

Place: interdental

Manner: fricative

Voicing: voiced

/ð/ pmv

Place: interdental

Manner: fricative

Voicing: voiced

/s/ pmv

Place: alveolar

Manner: fricative

Voicing: voiceless

/z/ pmv

Place: alveolar

Manner: fricative

Voicing: voiced

/ʃ/ pmv

Place: postalveolar

Manner: fricative

Voicing: voiceless

/h/ pmv

Place: glottal

Manner: fricative

Voicing: voiceless

/tʃ/ pmv

Place: postalveolar

Manner: affricative

Voicing: voiceless

/dʒ/ pmv

Place: postalveolar

Manner: fricative

Voicing: voiceless

/j/ pmv

Place: palatal

Manner: glide

Voicing: voiced

/w/ pmv

Place: labiovelar

Manner: glide

Voicing: voiced

/r/ pmv

Place: postalveolar

Manner: liquid

Voicing: voiced

/l/ pmv

Place: alveolar

Manner: liquid

Voicing: voiced

bilabilal

two lips /p b m/

labiovelar

lips and tongue approximates velum

/w/

labiodental

lower lip and upper front teeth

/f, v/

dental (interdental)

tongue and teeth

/θ, ð/

alveolar

tongue and alveolar ridge

/t, d/

postalveolar

front of tongue and back of alveolar ridge

/ʃ, ʒ/

palatal

blade of tongue and hard palate

/j/

velar

back of tongue and velum

/k,g/

glottal

vocal folds

/h/

sonorants

primary sound source → vocal folds (like vowels)

resonance through entire vocal tract with “little constriction”

obstruents

primary sound source → constriction in oral cavity

stop, fricative, affricative

voiced obstruents= vocal folds are secondary sound source

speech sound disorders

disorders related to the production of sounds of a language

includes articulation disorders (motor-based)

includes phonological disorders (linguistically based)

delay

speech sound errors that are typical in young children as they acquire their speech sounds continue to persist beyond typical development

normal (at first) speech sound errors than persist

deviance

atypical speech errors (not present in typical speech sound development)

ex. dentalized /s/ (lisp), lateralization of sibilants, backing, vowel errors

evidence-based practice

Considering external evidence: consulting scientific

research studies on SSDs.

 Considering internal evidence: data collection during

treatment.

 Considering patient/family preferences when it comes to

treatment approach(es)

articulation

The act of producing sounds (motor component) used to

convey a message (language).

 A major component of speech.

speech

An organized set or system of sounds used to convey

meaning.

 One modality for the expression of language.

 The primary first-learned modality for hearing language

users.

phonemes

 Sounds that are studied as part of the language system.

 From a linguistic perspective, sound units related to

decisions about meaning.

 “hat” vs. “bat

 A speech sound capable of differentiating morphemes.

 A morpheme is composed of individual phonemes