Global Studies Study for Test 1 (copy)

List and explain the social class that existed during the Middle Ages.

King - gave land to vassals in exchange for money and protection

Pope - religious leader/head of the Catholic church

Barons - provided the King with knights and money, ruled over territory given to then by the King

Knights - given land to provide protection and military service to Barons and Kings

Peasants - provides food and services to knights, barons, and kings when demanded; had no rights, had to ask lord of manor to marry and leave manor

What is the economic system of the middle ages.

Feudalism - a system of political organization in which a vassal served a lord and received protection and land in return

How long was the Middle Ages?

1000 years - from 500 AD to 1500 AD

What were two alternate name for the Middle Ages?

Medieval Times and Dark Ages

The Middle Ages were a time of…

• Little to no sanitation/hygiene

• Building Cathedrals

• Hunger

• Indulgences

• Low life expectancy

• 1/3 of people died due to black plague

• Feudalism

Why was the Middle Ages called the Dark Ages?

It was called the Dark Ages because there was/were persecution (due to heresy), no technological advancements, illiteracy, and no new knowledge.

What were the Four Empires and what beast were they represented by in the Bible?

• Byzantine Empire- lion with wings

• Persian Empire - bear with iron claws

• Greece - Leopared

• Roman Empire - an unidentifiable beast with 10 horns, iron teeth and a little horn (which would later rise up and esdtroy 3 horns)

What did the little horn rising up represent?

The catholic church rising uo and destroying the Vandal, Hun/Heruli, and Ostrogoth tribes.

List the 10 Germanic tribes that invaded Western Europe.the 3 that were uprooted and the present name of the 7 remaining.

• Vandals - exterminated by Justinian general Belisarious in North Africa 534

• Huns/Heruli - eradicated based on trasty of 487 in 493

• Sueves - Present day Portugal

• Bergundians - Present day Switzerland

• Almanni - Present day Germany

• Anglo-Saxons - Present day England

• Franks - Present day France

• Visigoths - Present day Spain

• Ostrogoths - made treaty with the church in 487 and destroyed by Justinians in 538

• Lombards - Present day Italy

What year did the Roman Empire fall?

476 AD

The Magna Carta

• written in 1215

• limited the power of the monarchy for the first time

Manuscripts

written by hand

Around what year did the Renaissance begin?

1450 AD

Purgatory

• not a biblical term

• fabricated by catholic church in order to make money ( 10% tithe )

Byzantine Empire

-Eastern Europe after the fall of Rome

What languages did Latin end up becoming?

French, Spanish, Italian, and Romanian

Gaul

Another name for France in the Middle Ages

Social Class structure

King/Pope→Baron→Knights→Peasasnts (95% of people)

Serfs

• The farmers who worked for nobles and lived like slaves.

• Individuals legally bound to the land belonging to the knights.

Where was the safest place to build a castle?

On hills, usually on the remains of the Roman Empire

Emblems used to identify noble families were called

Coat of Arms (family crest)

Monastery

A religious community of men (monks)

Convent

A religious community of women (nuns)

Prejudice against Jewish people __.

Medieval-Antisemitism

Pilgrimmage

A long trip for religious purpose is called a __

What was the staple food of the Middle Ages?

Bread

3 Forms of Entertainment During the Middle Ages

Jousting, Dancing, Festivals, Storytelling, Plays, etc.

Two types of armed men during the middle ages

Knights and Foot Soliders

What was the earliest armor knights wore and what did they upgrade to later on?

The earliest form of armor was chainmail which was later replaced with plate armor as it was sturdier and chain was ineffective on its own

What type of clothing did most people wear?

woolen clothes with linen undergarments

What type of clothing did religious orders wear?

long woolen habits

Which institution was generally in charge of education?

The Catholic Church

5 parts of a castle and what happened in them

Tower - a circular or square building used as lookout and for defense

Moat - a deep defensive trench usually filled with water that surrounded the castle.

Drawbridge - a wooden bridge that lead to a gateway; capable of being raised or lowered to either allow

Arrow-loops - narrow openings set inside walls and towers enabling defenders to launch arrows at potential attackers from inside

Bailey - a protected inner courtyard in the middle of the castle, sometimes having many smaller buildings inside it.

What denomination was the church in the Middle Ages?

Catholic

What were the differences between bishops and parish priests?

Bishops were wealthy, from noble families, and rule over a diocese. Parish priests were poor and had little education.

Liege Lords

The lord to whom a vassal owes first service

Manor

The land and property under a lord’s control

What did the Anglo-Saxons name themselves after?

The Anglo-Saxons named themselves after the knife called a Saxon.

What did Franks name themselves after?

The Franks named themselves after a throwing-axe called the Francisca.

What were the results of the Germanic Invasions?

• Trade declined (too unsafe to travel and engage in trade)

• Roads, bridges, and cities fell into disrepair – cities no longer safe havens, instead targets.

• No law instead tribal tradition became law instead of Roman Law and the 12 Tables.

• No learning except in monasteries

• Church rises in power.

Why did Christianity disappear?

At the first sign of problems, such as bad weather or a military defeat, new barbarian converts would often decide that the problem occurred because they had converted to Christianity.

What did King Arthur do?

It is possible, but by no means certain, that a British war leader by the name of Arthur resisted the Anglo-Saxon migration and won a notable military victory against the Anglo-Saxons at the Battle of Mt. Badon around A.D. 500

Who is King Clovis?

• became king of Frankish tribe at 15

• the first king to rule over all the Frankish tribes

• a firm ally of the Byzantine Empire

• a Christian king

• Founder of France

• died at the age of 45

Why did King Clovis become a Christian?

His wife baptized their first son behind his back and he died. She did the same with the second son and he became very ill, but she prayed for her son to be saved and he was better. This was around the time Clovis had won very important battles, so attributed both his son’s recovery and his victories to his god and joined the Catholic Church.

revival

renewed interest of the past

What was the dual function of the Catholic church?

-Political and Religious function

Why did the pope crown Charlemagne emperor of Rome?

He crowned CHarlemagne emperor of Rome to counter Constantinople’s claim that he was the sole owner of all Roman territories and to show that the pope had the power to crown the next king.

Why did Charlemagne encourage learning in his kingdom?

He wanted to make the kingdom a center of learning and he wanted everyone, especially in the clergy, to know how to read and write.

How were the lord and his vassals dependent on one another?

The lord agreed to protect the vassals and the vassals pledged loyalty to the lord. The vassals agreed to work the land and give small payments to the lord; as well as spend 40 days in military service each year. The lord had an income from the land and had a military force to defend the land. The lord could use the vassals to send to the king to protect the nation in time of war.

What led to William’s invasion of England?

William was promised the role as the next king of England after saving Edward. However, when Edward died he instead gave the crown to Howard. William was infuriated and invaded/conquered England.

What were the advantages of serfs under feudalism?

Serfs were given a house to live in, land to farm, and protection from raiders and other enemies.

Vassal

• a knight

• a person who has pledged their loyalty to a lord

chivalry

a code of conduct under which the knights operated/followed

tithe

• the 10% that an individual gives to the church

• instituted in the bible during Moses’ time to give the priests the necessities to live

Gothic style

a style of architecture used to Catholic churches in medieval Europe

What were the two architectural styles?

Romanesque and Gothic styles

How did monastaries and convents gain wealth?

They gained wealth through tithes, indulgences, special prayers for the dead, and donations (especially from rich people).

Why did powerful lords protect Jewish people from persecution?

• Jewish merchants kept the trade routes open.

• They acquired goods otherwise not available to wealthy Europeans.

• They made large loans to kings and nobles.

• Gave gifts to the church and noblemen

Kept them alive for what they could give them.

Describe the land and people of Europe in the early middle ages.

• The soil was rich in minerals and resources. The area had navigable rivers.

• People were nomadic farmers and spoke germanic languages.

Explain how Clovis changed who held power in Europe.

He united several frankish groups and formed an army that was powerful enough to beat the romans in Gaul (France in the middle ages). Created strong kingdoms to rule the area afterward.

Describe how Charlemagne made his kingdom a place of learning and culture.

He opened schools for children of any social class to learn as long as they could understand the curriculum; which, as a result, brought a renewed interest in the cultures of Greece and Rome. He also brought great artisans and scholars into the kingdom.

Describe a serf’s obligation to his lord in a feudal system.

Serfs worked the land, they paid dues (in usually food), and also fought in the military.

3 duties of upper class women

1. They ran the household.

2. They made clothes.

3. The supervised the buying, cooking, and preparation of food.

4. Made sure the peasants were working.

5. When guests came, made sure rooms and food were prepared and entertained them.

Explain why land was important during the middle ages.

Having land in the middle ages represented being wealthy. The land was used to provide food in these times. The land was the focal point of the economic system of feudalism, as without it, the upper classes would have nothing to provide to the class below them.

Identify the major role of the parish priest in the middle ages.

They were the only educated person in the village. They preformed marriages, funerals, and baptisms; as well as taught the rules of the school to the people. They cared for the sick and poor. They often ran the village schools. If folks had to write a letter, they would write it for them. If they had received a letter, they would read it for them; as they were illiterate.

papacy

the office and rule of the pope.

inquisition

The church court charged with finding and punishing heresies

epidemic

A widespread disease that attacks people

parliament

the assembly that advises the king or queen of England

 indulgence

an act in which the Roman Catholic Church could cancel the penance that sinners needed to perform to gain forgiveness.

schism

a separation or division

crusader state

a state established in western Europe by European christians

What factors led to Pope Urban’s call for a crusade?

Pope Urban called for a crusade because he wanted to take the Holy land for himself, and to stop the invasions by the Seljuk Turks. Others wanted to join for military glory, new markets for their goods, and others hoped for new land and wealth.

What were two reasons that the crusader states were important?

The Crusade states were important because these states brought new wealth and power to their settlers. In addition, the need to protect the crusader states and settlers from attack led to further Crusades during the next town centuries. 

What was the outcome of the Third Crusade?

The outcome was a strength increase of power of the medieval Church and Europeans were introduced to new goods from southwest Asia and trades grew. A peace treaty, and Christians were allowed more freedom.

burgher

the middle class of European society during the Middle Ages

guild

an association of merchants or craftspeople

How did progress in agriculture lead to the growth of trade?

Led to an increase of food supply and farmers looked for new markets to sell extra crops.

What was the agricultural method that medieval farmers used?

• Crop rotation

What were four functions served by the medieval guild system?

1. Guilds set quality standards for products and services.

2. Guilds regulated competition through rules.

3. Guilds provided education and career training for male members.

4. Guilds had important social rules as clubs for their members.
   

How was the black plague spread? 

The black plague was spread through fleas who bit infected rats, which then bit people.

How did medieval writers expand their audience?

Writers started using vernacular language in their works, which was the common language of the people.

• Vernacular literature took on several forms, including poetry, romance, fiction, comedy, and drama.

  Because this type of literature was written in everyday speech it appealed to a larger audience. 

common law

the traditional body of law in England that blends English and Norman elements

Estate general

the class system of France

nationalism

the belief that people should be loyal to their country not just to their leader

What features of common law are used today?

The parliament or the English legislative body.

Despite the French victory over the English in Orléans, what French territory remained under English control?

The only French territory still in English hands was the port of Calais. 

Why was the year 1492 important in Spanish history?

In 1492, the Christians were finally able to capture the Muslim stronghold of Granada. 

What caused the Great Schism? 

Cardinals declared the election of the Italian pope Urban VI to be invalid and elected a French candidate. Urban refuse to resign and Clement retreated to Avignon which created the Great Schism

Why did John Wycliffe and Jan Hus call for reforms in the Roman Catholic Church?

The Bible was a source of authority and they protested against the sale of indulgences.