Short answer questions: organelles, carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system, and more

List at least 6 basic functions of all cells

• Make usable energy

• Eliminate waste

• Reproduce

• Respond to environmental change

• Obtain nutrients and energy

• Synthesize macromolecules

Extracellular matrix functions (the question will be which of the following is not an example of a function of the extracellular matrix?)

• separate different tissues

• provide mechanical support

• barrier to macromolecule and cellular movement

• substrate for cell migration

• generate signals that maintain cell survival

4 Major macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Carbohydrates functions, monomers, polymers, examples?

• MONOMER: monosaccharides

• POLYMER: polysaccharides

• FUNCTIONS: short term energy storage, structure

• EXAMPLES: glycogen, cellulose, glucose, sucrose, fructose

Lipids function, monomer, polymer, and examples?

• MONOMER: glycerol + fatty acids

• POLYMER: triglycerides (glycerol + 3 fatty acids)

• FUNCTIONS: long term energy, insulation, cushions body organs

• EXAMPLES: fats, oils, waxes, steroids

Proteins function, monomer, polymer, examples

MONOMER: amino acids

POLYMER: polypeptides

FUNCTION: transports oxygen, structural support, enzymes, receptors

EXAMPLES: hemoglobin, catalase, antibodies, keratin, actin/myosin

Nucleic acids monomer, polymer, function, examples

MONOMER: nucleotides

POLYMER: DNA/RNA

FUNCTION: instructions for making proteins, genetic info passed down to offspring

EXAMPLES: DNA/RNA

What are the membrane proteins functions? LIST ALL — (short answer question)

The major functions of membrane proteins include:

1. Transport

2. Enzymatic Activity

3. Signal Transduction

4. Cell-Cell Recognition

5. Intercellular Joining

6. Attachment to the Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate equation and how it works?

Response to a drop in pH leans left

Response to a rise in pH leans right

remember: carbonic acid = weak acid and bicarbonate = weak base

Plasma membrane organelle

lipid bilayer in which proteins are embedded

Mitochondria organelle

organelle in which energy is extracted from food during oxidative metabolism

cytoplasm organelle

semifluid matrix that contains the nucleus and other organelles

secretory vesicle

vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane, releasing materials to be secreted from the cell

lysosome organelle

vesicle that breaks down macromolecules and digests worn out cell components

golgi complex organelle

collects, packages, distributes molecules manufactured in the cell

peroxisome organelle

vesicle that contains enzymes that carry out particular reactions, such as detoxifying potentially harmful molecules

centriole organelle

complex assembly of microtubules that occurs in pairs

nucleus organelle

command center of cell

• contains nucleolus, nuclear envelope, nuclear pore

nucleolus

site where ribosomes are produced

nuclear envelope

double membrane between the nucleus and cytoplasm

nuclear pore

opening embedded with proteins that regulates passage into and out of nucleus

ribosomes

small complexes of RNA and protein that are the sites of protein synthesis

rough endoplasmic reticulum organelle

internal membranes studded with ribosomes that carry out protein synthesis

smooth endoplasmic reticulum organelle

system of internal membranes that aids in manufacture of carbohydrates and lipids

cytoskeleton

supports organelles and cell shape

and plays a role in cell motion through microtubules, intermediate filament, and actin filament

microtubules

tube of protein molecules present in cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia, and flagella

intermediate filaments

intertwined protein fibers that provide support and strength

actin filaments

twisted protein fibers that are responsible for cell movement

vesicles

small membrane bound sacs that contain fluid and other components

cellular respiration: steps, products & reactants, locations

OVERALL EQUATION OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION:

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

reactants (inputs) on the left side of the arrow and products (outputs) on the right side of the arrow

1. Glycolysis

2. Kreb’s Cycle

3. Electron Transport Chain

Glycolysis:

• THE breakdown of glucose

• location: happens in the cytoplasm

• does not require oxygen (anaerobic process), and is basically the only endergonic part of cellular respiration, as the process itself overall is an exergonic reaction/process!

• REACTANTS: GLUCOSE (C6H12O6), 2 ATP, 2 NAD

• PRODUCTS: 2 PYRUVATE, 2 ATP MOLECULES, AND 2 NADH

  • NADH is used to transfer electrons (really important for later!!!)

INTERMEDIATE STEP (oxidation)

• pyruvate transported into the mitochondrial matrix

• 2 pyruvate is then oxidized into 2 acetyl coa (will be used in Kreb’s Cycle)

• 2 co2 is released, and 2 NADH are produced

• products: 2 aceytl co-a, 2 NADH, 2 CO2

Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle):

• a portion of this process is aerobic (requires oxygen) to continue

• location: mitochondrial matrix

• REACTANTS: 2 ACETYL CO-A, 2 FADH, 6NAD

• PRODUCTS: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2

Electron Transport Chain/Chemiosmosis/Oxidation Phosphorylation

• requires oxygen (aerobic)

• electrons are transferred from the NADH and FADH2 to protein carriers to produce a proton gradient

  • protons are pumped across the intermembrane space, generating an electrical and chemical gradient

  • in chemiosmosis protons travel through gradient given ATP SYNTHASE telling it to make ATP

  • oxygen is the final acceptor of the electrons, and when it combines with 2 hydrogens, it becomes H2O (water)

• location: intermembrane space of mitrochondria

• REACTANTS: oxygen, 10 NADH, 2 FADH2

• PRODUCTS: 32 ATP + H2O

IF NO OXYGEN AVAILABLE, it goes through lactic acid fermentation, generating a total of 2 more atp

technicially producing a total of 36 ATP IF YOU CONSIDER WITHOUT OXYGEN