unit 4 vocab

What were Gregor Johann Mendel's contributions to genetics?

His pea plant experiments laid the foundation for the laws of inheritance.

What did Rosalind Franklin discover?

She discovered the structure of DNA.

What was the significance of Watson & Crick's work?

They identified the structure of DNA.

What are the four nucleotide bases identified by Erwin Chargaff?

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine.

How is heredity defined?

A copy is inherited from both the mother and the father.

What is genetics?

The study of how genes and traits are passed from generations.

What is a monohybrid cross?

A cross between two organisms that only have one different trait.

What does a dihybrid cross involve?

Matching two organisms that have two hybrid traits.

What is the P generation?

The parental generation in genetic crosses.

What does F1 generation refer to?

The first generation of offspring from a genetic cross.

What is the F2 generation?

The result of a crossing between two F1 individuals.

What are alleles?

One of two versions of a genetic sequence at a specific part of the chromosome.

What does dominant mean in genetics?

The relationship between two versions of a gene where one can mask the effect of the other.

How is a recessive trait expressed?

It is expressed only when the genotype is homozygous.

What is a homozygous genotype?

A genotype with two of the same alleles.

What characterizes a heterozygous genotype?

It contains two different alleles.

What is a genotype?

The genetic makeup of an organism.

What is a phenotype?

Observable characteristics of an organism.

What is a Punnett Square used for?

It is a square diagram used to predict genotypes of offspring.

Define codominance in genetics.

An inheritance pattern where two alleles are expressed equally.

What is a pedigree?

A diagram of family history that uses standardized symbols.

What is transcription?

The process where the genetic information is copied into a new molecule.

What occurs during translation?

Cells make proteins using genetic information.

What does replication mean in genetics?

The process of copying or reproducing DNA or other genetic material.

What is incomplete dominance?

A form of gene interaction where both alleles are partially expressed, often resulting in an intermediate phenotype.