parasitism

Symbiosis

A relationship in which individuals of two species live in close physiology contact with each other

Symbiont

Organisms that lives on/ in another (host)

Pathogens

Parasites that are agents of infection or disease are

Endoparasites

Parasites that live in its host

Ectoparasites

Parasites that live on its host

Hidden inside host, easy access to resources

Benefits to being an endoparasite

Difficult dispersal, immune system

Cons to being an endoparasite

Don’t deal with immune system

Benefits to being an ectoparasite

Has to deal with outside factors

Cons to being an ectoparasite

Direct lifestyle

One host organisms is sufficient for the parasites life cycle. One host. Ex) roundworms, mange

Indirect lifestyle

More than one just is necessary/ requires an intermediate history to grow. Two to many hosts. Ex) malaria, Lyme, tapeworms

Fully parasitic plants

Plants that lack chlorophyll and get all water, sugars, nutrients and carbon from roots of host plants

Partially parasitic plants

Plants that are photosynthetic but get water and nutrients from a host

Parasitoids

Type of parasite that actually kills the host.

Epidermis, immune system, biochemical defenses, beneficial species interactions

4 ways a host can defend itself from parasites.

Immune system

Animals- antibodies, T-cells

Plants- antimicrobial and anti fungal compounds. Stimulate lignin production creating a barrier to prevent spread of infection

Biochemical defenses

Plants may produce secondary defenses that are toxic to parasites. Animals may self medicate

Defensive symbionts

Fungal symbionts in plants, bacterial symbionts in human digestive track

Parasite counter-defenses

Parasite defenses evolve due to host defenses- convolution.

Nutrient deficiency, physical malformation, decreased fecundity

What are three ways parasite effect their hosts without killing them?