BIO 1108 Unit 4

What makes animals different from the closely related choanoflagellates?

Persistent multicellularity, embryonic cell movement, simple tissues

Early biologists grouped animals based on what

Shared features of the adult bodies, like symmetry

Radial Symmetry

Many planes of symmetry around body axis that run mouth to base

Bilateral Symmetry

Single plane of symmetry from mouth to tail

Cephalization

The concentration of the nervous system and special sensory organs in the front of the body

Segmentation

The organization of the body into repeated units from head to tail

Early Embryological Development Steps

Zygote, Eight-Cell Stage, Blastula, Gastrla

Diploblasts

Inner endoderm and outer exoderm layers give rise to adult body

Triploblasts

Has a third germ layer called the mesoderm which sits between the endo- and exoderm

Deuterostomes

Blastopore becomes the anus

Protostomes

Blastopore becomes the mouth

Sponges

Simple anatomical organization; no true tissue, two cell types, non-mobile, not symmetric. Draws water containing food particles.

Cnidarians

Radial symmetric, mouth surrounded by tentacles, two embryonic tissue layers, closed gastric cavity, non-central nervous system, nematocyst harpoons in cnidocytes

Lophotrochozoans

Makes up almost half of all animal phyla, includes annelid worms and mollusks

Mollusks

Have distinguished mantles and develop distinct larva, trochophore, that has a tuft of cilia at the top and band of cilia around the middle

Nematodes

Small round worms, most numerous of all animal, important part of soil communities

Arthropods

Jointed legs, insects

Insect’s Adaptations

Desiccation resistant eggs, wings, specialized respiratory system, metamorphosis

Echinoderms

Pentaradial symmetry, lost encephalization and central nervous system, posses water vascular system that enables tube feet for movement

Chordates

Notochords, hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits.clefts, post-anal tail

Tunicates

Like chordates but lack a dorsal nerve cord

Vertebrate

Well developed brain and eyes, cranium, jaws, gills, paired fins, vertebrae

Amphibians

Life cycle includes fish like larva stage, four walking legs

Amniotes

Have an amniotic egg

Mammal

Mammillary glands and milk, fur/hair, fat insulation under skin

Cartilaginous Fish

Vertebrate which have a skeleton made up of carilage

Bony Fish

Vertebrates with bones mineralized by calcium phosphate

Lobe-Finned Fish

Vertebrates with fins with bone structure, similar to the limbs of later vertebrates

Tetrapods

Vertebrates with four walking legs

Hagfish

Vertebrae that lost the cranium and vertebrae through evolution

Four adult animal tissue types

Nervous, muscle, connective, and epithelial

Shared feature of nematodes and arthropods

A cuticle that molts during growth

Feature shared by mollusks and annelids

Formation of trochophore larvae

Anatomy

Study of biological forms

Physiology

Study of biologically functions performed

Epithelial Tissue

Skin; provides lining for all spaces inside and outside the body

Connective Tissue

Tissue under the Epithelial tissue

Muscle Tissue

Cotracts to provide movement and tension

Nervous Tissue

Sends electrical impulses along their length

Metabolism

All chemical reactions of a cell

Catabolic

Reactions that breakdown food to fuel energy needs of a cell

Anabolic

Reactions that result in net energy storage within a cell

Anarobic

Rapid short-term energy creation in the absence of oxygen

Aerobic

Steady long-term sustainable energy creation in the presence of oxygen

Endotherms

Produce most of their heat as by-product of metabolic reactions

Ectotherms

Obtain most of their heat from their environment

Do endo or ectotherms have a higher metabolic rate?

Endotherms

Animal diet meets 3 nutritional needs

Feul cellular processes, organic raw materials for biosynthesis, essential nutrients

Extracellular Digestion

Food broken down outside the cells

Absorption

Brokedown products taken up into bloodstream

Suspension Filter Feeding

Water with food suspended passed through sieve like structure

Suction Feeding

Rapid expansion of mouth to draw in water and prey

Active Swimming

Actively swim to capture prey

Jaws

Important for active predators, evolved from gill supporting cartilage

Temporomandibular Joint

The joint in mammalian jaws that allows from low ans upper jaw to precisely fit together

Mandibles

Pincers located on the outside and infront of the mouth, mostly on arthropods

Foregut

Mouth, esophagus, stomach

Midgut

Small intestine

Hindgut

Lare intestine, rectum

Osmosis

Governs movemnet across cell membranes

Osmotic Pressure

Tendency of water to move from one solution into another

Hydrostatic Pressure

Pressure resulting from gravity or stiffness of container walls

Osmoregulation

Control of osmotic pressure inside cells and organisms

Osmoconformers

Animals that match internal and environmnetal osmotic pressure

Osmoregulators

Animals that maintain internal concentration different from environment

Nitrogenous Waste

Waste containing nitrogen; comes from protein

Filtration

Process in which blood is passed into extracellular space, some substances are retained while others pass through vessel walls

Secretion

Active transport of molecules from blood to extracellular space

Reabsorption

Process in which important molecules transported back into blood

Protonephridia

Isolated excretory organ in flatworms, waste excreted without filtration

Menaephrida

Filters blood through small capillaries

Hemolymph

Body fludid containing water, electrolytes, and waste

Malpighia Tubes

Series of tubes passing hemolymph to hindgut

Kidneys

Receives blood from heart, filter blood through capillaries. Outer cortex and inner medulla, help regulate blood pressure and blood volume

Concurrent Flow

Flow that go together

Countercurrent

Opposing flows

Thermoreceptors

Receptors that detects changes in body temperature

Hypothalamus

Part of brain that plays a key role in thermoregulation

Endocrine System

Plays important role in regulation of water homeostasis

Osmoreceptors

Detect changes in water concentration of extracellular fluids

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Hormone that acts on the kidneys to counteract a drop in osmotic pressure

Correct order in water homeostasis

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, kidneys

Pancreas

Produces the hormones that help regulate glucose homeostasis

What happens in skeletal muscle in response to glucagon?

Glycogen is broken down into glucose for energy production