Archeology Exam

Kings

8th-6th century BC

The Republic

6th-1st century BC

Julius Caesar

1st Century BC

Augustus

First Emperor of Rome (1st century BC- 1st century AD); Republican Temples

Tiberius

(14-37 AD) Early 1st Century AD

Claudius

(41-54 AD) 1st Century AD

Nero

(54-68 AD) 1st Century AD

Vespasian

(69-79 AD) Late 1st century AD

Titus

(79-81 AD) Late 1st century AD

Domitian

(81-96 AD) Late 1st century AD; Stadium of Domitian

Nerva

(96-98 AD) Late 1st century AD

Trajan

(98-117 AD) Early 2nd century AD

Vespasian → Domitian

Flavian Dynasty, builders of the Colosseum

Northwest Imperial Forum

Libraries

Northwest Imperial Forum

Basilica Ulpia

Center Imperial Forum

Forum of Augustus

Southwest Imperial Forum

Forum of Caesar

Northeast Imperial Forum

Forum of Nerva

Northeast Imperial Forum

Forum of Peace (Vespasian)

Center/Northwest Imperial Forum

Forum of Trajan

Northeast Imperial Forum

Markets

Furma Urbis

Marble plan of Rome, times of Septimius Severus, and 2nd c AD

Moussolini

Destroyed many archeological sites in order to build a road between the Vitoriano and the Colosseum to parade down

Romulus and the Legend of Foundation

753 BC

Overthrow of the Etruscan Dynasty

509 BC

Roman Republic Senate

“advisory” body with no executive powers. Very powerful because of the economic strength of its members who controlled the two consuls

Topography of Rome

Public monuments, paths of traffic, architecture and decoration

Hadrian

(117-138 AD) Accompanied Trajan on many campaigns, did not possess the same military talent. Building program:
Pantheon
Mausoleum
Hadrian’s Villa

Amphora

Terracotta vases used to store raw materials

Baths of Caracalla Plan

Temple of Peace

Temple built by Vespasian to spread the propaganda of giving back to the people

Year of the 4 Emperors

69 AD (Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian)

Caligula

(37-41 AD) Early 1st Century CE

Campus Martius

Piazza Navona; Still remains the shape of the Stadium of Domitian
Theatre of Pompeii, 55BC; Complex with the Temple of Venus, Senate House, and Garden
Theatre of Balbus 13 BC
Theatre of Marcellus 13 BC
Cat Sanctuary; 4 Temples in the Republican Times, Place of Ceaser's Murder
Field of Mars; Part of the city used for assembling and training troops and for voting
Purpose: entertainment - stadiums, theaters, markets, baths, the largest ancient region in Rome

Stadium of Deomitian

Commissioned by Domitian, located to the North of the Campus Martius, and mainly used for athletic events.
Retained ovular shape now seen in Piazza Navona; underground structure excavated underneath piazza

Republican Temples of Largo Argentina

Four different temples; cat sanctuary; site of Caesar's death; 4th BC-1st AD

Augustan Development

- pantheon
- acqua virgo
- mausoleum of augustus
- ara pacis
- horologium augusti (sundial)
- euripus
- baths of argippa
- theatre of babus

Great Hadrianic Development

- industrial quarter along Tiber
- pantheon
- hadrianeum
- residential insulae
- column of Marcus Aurelius

The Pantheon

constructed by Agrippa and dedicated in 27 BC; Domitian carried out reconstruction; finished by Hadrian;
Errors in construction (does not match the ideas of Roman Architecture): shorter portico than rectangular backing and one shorter column; portico pasted onto circular space weird; not a proper temple despite niches for god statues
Significance: issues in interpretation, not built like a temple, held masses of people, unlike most temples, a sacred place for the 12 Gods but not a proper temple

Agrippa’s Pantheon

statues of gods; domed vault representing heaven; wanted a statue of Augustus to bestow him honor, instead, put Caesar; pre-hadrianic building faced north; centered design in the middle of a circular body

Pantheon Christianized

609 CE Byzantine emperor Phocas gave building to Pope Boniface IV who converted to Christian church and consecrated to st. Mary; bell towers added by Bernini in early 17th c

The Hadrianeum

- Deified hadrian
- Elephant sculpted by Bernini but belonged to obelisk of cult of isis - Egyptian
- Imperial legitimization of power by using eastern symbols
- reliefs show personifications of provinces; Dacia and Thracian

Column of Marcus Aurelius

Late 2nd AD; victory column; exaggerated gestures and distorted features that were obviously intended to evoke a sense of emotion or horror as might be expected in engaging in a conduct of war

The Tiber

River that runs through Rome
Important for transportation, water supply, trade

Forum Boarium

the chief cattle market and harbor of urban Rome; Temples of
Portunus and Heracles

Tiber Island

the Island located in the center of the tiber. It was bridged to the area outside of rome. Also, the Island was built on and constructed into a form that was reminiscent of a boat.

Roman Baths

a building containing a complex of rooms designed for bathing, relaxing, and socializing, as used in ancient Rome.

Frigidarium

Passageway of Roman Baths

Tepidarium

Lukewarm room of Roman Baths

Calidarium

Hot Room of Roman Baths

Palaestra

Gym of Roman Baths

Natatio

Swimming pool of Roman Baths

Apodyteria

Changing room of Roman Baths

Praefurnium

Furnace for the hypocaust heating system of Roman Baths

Suspensurae

Supports holding the bath floor up for the hypocaust heating system of Roman Baths

Tubuli

Tubing that allowed heat to flow through walls for the hypocaust heating system of Roman Baths

The Baths of Caracalla

early 3rd AD; built by Emp. Caracalla to please his citizens (vicious ruler) large pools, spas, gym, gardens...basically ancient country clubs for citizens to relax in luxury
- Imperial baths
- decor was mosaics and statues of athletes
- social space

Forum of Caesar

- "dictator for life"
- temple of Venus genetrix
- creative mother force

Forum of Augustus

- propaganda
- statues of gods, great men, and kings
- centralized chariot of augustus
- 27 BC-2AD

Temple of Peace

- 69-79 AD
- Vespasian
- destroyed and rebuilt where Nero was
- propaganda: giving back to the people

Forum of Nerva

- 85-97 AD
- Domitian
- porticus absidata + temple of minerva

Forum of Trajan

- inaugurated in 112 AD
- planned by Apollodorus
- largest one; modeled onto that of Augustus
- basilica ulpia
- column of Trajan

Hypocaust

Heating system of the Roman Baths