Unit 2

what do water molecules consist of

two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom

in a water molecule the oxygen atom remains partial

negative

How many bonds can a single water molecule participate in

four

Polarity of a water molecule

positive charge on the hydrogen pole and negative charge on the oxygen pole

What is a hydrogen bond

the attraction in between water molecules from hydrogen to hydrogen

In water why do hydrogen bonds happen

because the oxygen has a full shell and the hydrogen atoms are attracted to each other

What are the thermal properties of water

high SHC, high melting point, high boiling point

Cohesive properties of water

sticky clumps together

Adhesive properties of water

stickiness towards other substances

Definition of adhesive:

Molecules attraction to other substances

Definition of cohesive

Molecules attraction to themselves

Solvent properties of water

“Universal solvent”, dissolves more substances than any other liquid

properties of water and its uses for living organisms

Less dense as a solid than as a liquid, polar, excellent solvent, high heat capacity

How does water act as a coolant

hard to evaporate, allowing it to act as a coolant for mamals

How is water a medium for metabolic reactions

has a PH of 7.0 meaning its not acidic or basic

How does water act as a transport medium

helps cells transport oxygen and nutrients

Sublimation

The change of solid directly to a gas

Some causes of sublimation

Low temperatures, strong winds and intense sunlight

Condensation

The change of state from gas to liquid

Some causes of condensation

increase in temperature

Solidification

the change from liquid to solid

Deposition

transition of gas directly to a solid

Evaporation

transition directly from liquid to gas

How do particles act in a gas state

no fixed shape, large amounts of energy

How do particles act in a liquid state

Less energy, no fixed shape, particles are closer together

How do particles act in a solid state

Fixed shape, less energy but still vibrating

at what temperature do particles completely stop moving

-273 degrees Celsius (absolute zero)

what main groups are smells placed in

Putrid, Sweet, Minty, Fishy,

In protein and amino acid structures what two groups are present

Carboxylic and amine groups

Examples of amino acids

Brain, blood, muscles, antibodies, hair and nails

Functions of proteins

Helps repair and build body tissue

Functions of carbs

control blood glucose/ insulin metabolism, act as an energy source

Functions of lipids

Moving and storing energy, making hormones, absorbing vitamins

Functions of fats

Give you energy, regulate blood pressure

what is a monosaccharide

a singular sugar molecule

What are the main monosaccharides

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

What are disaccharides

double molecule sugars

how do disaccharides happen

two monosaccharides combine

Glucose and Fructose combined create

Sucrose

Glucose and Glucose combined create

Maltose

What are polysaccharides

many monosaccharides combine

Examples of polysaccharides

Glycogen, Cellulose, Starch

Original color of benedict’s test

Blue

Original color of iodine test

yellow

monosaccharides in iodine and benedict test

blue to yellow/orange, no change

disaccharides in iodine and benedict test

no change, no change,

polysaccharides in iodine and benedict test

no change, yellow to blue/black

Starch is found in

Plants

Glycogen is found in

Animals

Starch is made of

Amylose, Amylopectin

Amylose has … glycosidic bond

A- 1,4

Amylopectin has … glycosidic bond

A- 1,4 and A- 1,6

what is glycogen made of

A-glucose

A- glucose has … glycosidic bonds

A-1,4 and A-1,6

Similarities between glycogen and starch

Exact same structures

For each disaccharide formed, how many water molecules are formed

one water molecule

For each polysaccharide formed, how many water molecules are formed

two water molecules

How do a-1,4 glycosidic links act in polysaccharides

the polysaccharide is in a straight line

What do 1,6 chains mean in polysaccharides

the polysaccharide is bent and not in a straight line

Characteristics of cellulose

forms cables, known as microfibrils, found only in plants

example of microfibrils in cellulose

Wood

How is lactose formed

Galactose and Glucose

exothermic

releases energy into the surroundings during reactions, change in heat is negative

endothermic

absorb heat from surroundings during reactions, change in heat is positive

enthalpy changes

heat energy content of a compound

how to calculate the enthalpy

enthalpy of the reactant - enthalpy of the product

Catalyst

helps the reaction occur with less Ea

Ea

Activation energy

what are the three macromolecules

lipids, carbohydrates, proteins

carbohydrate color change in iodine solution

brown to blue/black

protein color change in iodine solution

none

lipid color change in iodine solution

none.

carbohydrate color change in nitric acid

none

protein color change in nitric acid

colorless to yellow

lipid color change in nitric acid

none.

carbohydrate color change in benedict’s solution

blue to green/yellow/orange/dark red

protein color change in benedict’s solution

none

lipid color change in benedict’s solution

none.

catalyst speed

the ability of a catalyst to increase the rate of chemical reactions

Standard conditions of change in heat

standard temperature (20*) standard pressure 1 bar (100kPa)

equation for heat energy produced

mass of water x change in temp x SHC of water

SHC of water

4.186 J/g°C