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what do water molecules consist of
two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
in a water molecule the oxygen atom remains partial
negative
How many bonds can a single water molecule participate in
four
Polarity of a water molecule
positive charge on the hydrogen pole and negative charge on the oxygen pole
What is a hydrogen bond
the attraction in between water molecules from hydrogen to hydrogen
In water why do hydrogen bonds happen
because the oxygen has a full shell and the hydrogen atoms are attracted to each other
What are the thermal properties of water
high SHC, high melting point, high boiling point
Cohesive properties of water
sticky clumps together
Adhesive properties of water
stickiness towards other substances
Definition of adhesive:
Molecules attraction to other substances
Definition of cohesive
Molecules attraction to themselves
Solvent properties of water
“Universal solvent”, dissolves more substances than any other liquid
properties of water and its uses for living organisms
Less dense as a solid than as a liquid, polar, excellent solvent, high heat capacity
How does water act as a coolant
hard to evaporate, allowing it to act as a coolant for mamals
How is water a medium for metabolic reactions
has a PH of 7.0 meaning its not acidic or basic
How does water act as a transport medium
helps cells transport oxygen and nutrients
Sublimation
The change of solid directly to a gas
Some causes of sublimation
Low temperatures, strong winds and intense sunlight
Condensation
The change of state from gas to liquid
Some causes of condensation
increase in temperature
Solidification
the change from liquid to solid
Deposition
transition of gas directly to a solid
Evaporation
transition directly from liquid to gas
How do particles act in a gas state
no fixed shape, large amounts of energy
How do particles act in a liquid state
Less energy, no fixed shape, particles are closer together
How do particles act in a solid state
Fixed shape, less energy but still vibrating
at what temperature do particles completely stop moving
-273 degrees Celsius (absolute zero)
what main groups are smells placed in
Putrid, Sweet, Minty, Fishy,
In protein and amino acid structures what two groups are present
Carboxylic and amine groups
Examples of amino acids
Brain, blood, muscles, antibodies, hair and nails
Functions of proteins
Helps repair and build body tissue
Functions of carbs
control blood glucose/ insulin metabolism, act as an energy source
Functions of lipids
Moving and storing energy, making hormones, absorbing vitamins
Functions of fats
Give you energy, regulate blood pressure
what is a monosaccharide
a singular sugar molecule
What are the main monosaccharides
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
What are disaccharides
double molecule sugars
how do disaccharides happen
two monosaccharides combine
Glucose and Fructose combined create
Sucrose
Glucose and Glucose combined create
Maltose
What are polysaccharides
many monosaccharides combine
Examples of polysaccharides
Glycogen, Cellulose, Starch
Original color of benedict’s test
Blue
Original color of iodine test
yellow
monosaccharides in iodine and benedict test
blue to yellow/orange, no change
disaccharides in iodine and benedict test
no change, no change,
polysaccharides in iodine and benedict test
no change, yellow to blue/black
Starch is found in
Plants
Glycogen is found in
Animals
Starch is made of
Amylose, Amylopectin
Amylose has … glycosidic bond
A- 1,4
Amylopectin has … glycosidic bond
A- 1,4 and A- 1,6
what is glycogen made of
A-glucose
A- glucose has … glycosidic bonds
A-1,4 and A-1,6
Similarities between glycogen and starch
Exact same structures
For each disaccharide formed, how many water molecules are formed
one water molecule
For each polysaccharide formed, how many water molecules are formed
two water molecules
How do a-1,4 glycosidic links act in polysaccharides
the polysaccharide is in a straight line
What do 1,6 chains mean in polysaccharides
the polysaccharide is bent and not in a straight line
Characteristics of cellulose
forms cables, known as microfibrils, found only in plants
example of microfibrils in cellulose
Wood
How is lactose formed
Galactose and Glucose
exothermic
releases energy into the surroundings during reactions, change in heat is negative
endothermic
absorb heat from surroundings during reactions, change in heat is positive
enthalpy changes
heat energy content of a compound
how to calculate the enthalpy
enthalpy of the reactant - enthalpy of the product
Catalyst
helps the reaction occur with less Ea
Ea
Activation energy
what are the three macromolecules
lipids, carbohydrates, proteins
carbohydrate color change in iodine solution
brown to blue/black
protein color change in iodine solution
none
lipid color change in iodine solution
none.
carbohydrate color change in nitric acid
none
protein color change in nitric acid
colorless to yellow
lipid color change in nitric acid
none.
carbohydrate color change in benedict’s solution
blue to green/yellow/orange/dark red
protein color change in benedict’s solution
none
lipid color change in benedict’s solution
none.
catalyst speed
the ability of a catalyst to increase the rate of chemical reactions
Standard conditions of change in heat
standard temperature (20*) standard pressure 1 bar (100kPa)
equation for heat energy produced
mass of water x change in temp x SHC of water
SHC of water
4.186 J/g°C
