AP Psych Cram Sheet Unit 6

prenatal development

The baby's development during a pregnancy

zygote, embryo, fetus

sequence of prenatal development

zygote: conception to two weeks

embryo: 2 weeks to 2 months

fetus: 2 months until birth

Teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Reflexes

specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation

Maturation

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

puberty

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

zone of proximal development

phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction

authorative parenting

A parenting style that encourages the child to be independent but that still places limits and controls on behavior.

Authoratarian parenting

dictator-style of parenting; complete obedience

permissive parenting

A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior.

Ainsworth attachment theory

identified three main attachment styles, secure , insecure avoidant and insecure ambivalent/resistant. She concluded that these attachment styles were the result of early interactions with the mother.

secure attachment

a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver

avoidant attachment

attachments marked by discomfort over, or resistance to, being close to others

anxious attachment

have ambivalent reactions to parents. They may show extreme stress when parents leave, but upon return resist being comforted by parent

anxious-ambivalent attachment

an insecure attachment style characterized by a child's intense distress when reunited with a primary caregiver after separation

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

1. sensorimotor (birth to 2 years old)

2. preoperational (2 to 6/7 years old)

3. concrete operational (7 to 11)

4. formal operational (11/12 to adulthood)

Kohlberg's stages of moral development

pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional

Erikson's Psychosocial Stages

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (birth-1 year)

2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2-3 years)

3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)

4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years)

5. Identity vs. Identity Diffusion (12-18 years)

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (early adulthood: 19-mid 20s)

7. Generativity vs. Stagnation/Self-Absorbtion (middle age: late 20s-50s)

8. Integrity vs. Dispair (old age: 60s and beyond)

Gender and Sexuality

- biological differences

- intellectual differences

- identity formation & expression

Adulthood and Aging

brain loses 5-10% of its weight between ages of 20 and 90

brain volume decreases

general slowing of brain and spinal cord function which begins in middle age, accelerates with age

reduction in the production of neurotransmitters

can play a role in memory decline and problems in planning and carrying out motor activities

Harry Harlow's attachment research

-developmental psychologist Harry Harlow studied infant attachment using monkeys

-used wire frame and cloth-covered "mothers" to study the impact of nurturing touch, warmth, and food on infant monkey attachment

-found that preventing attachment with a real mother had long term effects on monkeys' behavior (CONTACT COMFORT)

Animism (Piaget)

the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action

Egocentrism

the inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes