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Columbian Exchange
Exchange of goods, people, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, Europe, and Africa following Columbus’ voyages.
Virginia Company
A joint-stock company chartered by King James I to establish settlements in North America; founded Jamestown in 1607.
Enclosure Movement
Process in England where common lands were privatized, displacing many peasants and leading to increased migration to America.
Puritans
Religious reformers who sought to 'purify' the Church of England; established a theocratic society in Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Pilgrims
A separatist group who broke away from the Church of England; founded Plymouth Colony in 1620.
Roanoke Colony
Known as the 'Lost Colony,' it was an early English settlement that mysteriously disappeared by 1590.
Great Migration
Mass movement of Puritans to New England between 1620 and 1640 due to religious persecution in England.
Mercantilism
Economic policy where colonies provided raw materials to the mother country and served as markets for manufactured goods.
Navigation Acts
British laws that regulated colonial trade to benefit England, requiring goods to be transported on English ships.
Quakers (Society of Friends)
Religious group advocating equality, pacifism, and religious tolerance; prominent in Pennsylvania under William Penn.
Middle Passage
The brutal sea journey endured by enslaved Africans to the Americas, marked by overcrowding, disease, and high mortality.
Republicanism
Political philosophy emphasizing liberty, self-governance, and civic virtue, opposing monarchy and aristocracy.
Salutary Neglect
British policy of loosely enforcing trade regulations, allowing colonies to develop independently until 1763.
Great Awakening
Religious revival movement emphasizing emotional connection to faith and challenging established churches.
Proclamation of 1763
British decree forbidding colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains to avoid conflict with Native Americans.
Intolerable Acts
Harsh laws passed after the Boston Tea Party, including closing Boston Harbor and revoking Massachusetts’ charter.
Declaration of Independence
Document authored by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, declaring the colonies independent from Britain.
Suffrage
Expansion of voting rights, largely limited to property-owning white men during this period.
Abolition
Early movements to end slavery, gaining momentum during and after the Revolution.
Federalists
Early political faction favoring a strong central government; authored The Federalist Papers.
Separation of Powers
Division of government into three branches to prevent tyranny.
Checks and Balances
System ensuring that no branch of government has excessive power.
Louisiana Purchase
1803 land acquisition from France that doubled U.S. territory and opened the west to expansion.
Nativism
Anti-immigrant sentiment, particularly against Irish and German newcomers.
Manifest Destiny
Belief in the U.S.’s divine right to expand across the continent.
Missouri Compromise
Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining balance in the Senate.
Spoils System
Practice of rewarding political supporters with government positions.
Peculiar Institution
Euphemism for slavery in the South, highlighting its centrality to Southern life.
Freedmen’s Bureau
Federal agency assisting freed people with education, housing, and employment.
Black Codes
Laws restricting African Americans' rights and freedoms post-Civil War.
Fourteenth Amendment
Guaranteed citizenship and equal protection under the law.
Fifteenth Amendment
Prohibited voter discrimination based on race, color, or previous servitude.
Reconstruction Act
Divided the South into military districts to enforce Reconstruction policies.
Ku Klux Klan
White supremacist group opposing Reconstruction through terror and violence.