History Final Study Guide

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34 Terms

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Columbian Exchange

Exchange of goods, people, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, Europe, and Africa following Columbus’ voyages.

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Virginia Company

A joint-stock company chartered by King James I to establish settlements in North America; founded Jamestown in 1607.

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Enclosure Movement

Process in England where common lands were privatized, displacing many peasants and leading to increased migration to America.

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Puritans

Religious reformers who sought to 'purify' the Church of England; established a theocratic society in Massachusetts Bay Colony.

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Pilgrims

A separatist group who broke away from the Church of England; founded Plymouth Colony in 1620.

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Roanoke Colony

Known as the 'Lost Colony,' it was an early English settlement that mysteriously disappeared by 1590.

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Great Migration

Mass movement of Puritans to New England between 1620 and 1640 due to religious persecution in England.

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Mercantilism

Economic policy where colonies provided raw materials to the mother country and served as markets for manufactured goods.

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Navigation Acts

British laws that regulated colonial trade to benefit England, requiring goods to be transported on English ships.

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Quakers (Society of Friends)

Religious group advocating equality, pacifism, and religious tolerance; prominent in Pennsylvania under William Penn.

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Middle Passage

The brutal sea journey endured by enslaved Africans to the Americas, marked by overcrowding, disease, and high mortality.

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Republicanism

Political philosophy emphasizing liberty, self-governance, and civic virtue, opposing monarchy and aristocracy.

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Salutary Neglect

British policy of loosely enforcing trade regulations, allowing colonies to develop independently until 1763.

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Great Awakening

Religious revival movement emphasizing emotional connection to faith and challenging established churches.

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Proclamation of 1763

British decree forbidding colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains to avoid conflict with Native Americans.

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Intolerable Acts

Harsh laws passed after the Boston Tea Party, including closing Boston Harbor and revoking Massachusetts’ charter.

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Declaration of Independence

Document authored by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, declaring the colonies independent from Britain.

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Suffrage

Expansion of voting rights, largely limited to property-owning white men during this period.

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Abolition

Early movements to end slavery, gaining momentum during and after the Revolution.

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Federalists

Early political faction favoring a strong central government; authored The Federalist Papers.

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Separation of Powers

Division of government into three branches to prevent tyranny.

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Checks and Balances

System ensuring that no branch of government has excessive power.

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Louisiana Purchase

1803 land acquisition from France that doubled U.S. territory and opened the west to expansion.

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Nativism

Anti-immigrant sentiment, particularly against Irish and German newcomers.

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Manifest Destiny

Belief in the U.S.’s divine right to expand across the continent.

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Missouri Compromise

Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining balance in the Senate.

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Spoils System

Practice of rewarding political supporters with government positions.

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Peculiar Institution

Euphemism for slavery in the South, highlighting its centrality to Southern life.

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Freedmen’s Bureau

Federal agency assisting freed people with education, housing, and employment.

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Black Codes

Laws restricting African Americans' rights and freedoms post-Civil War.

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Fourteenth Amendment

Guaranteed citizenship and equal protection under the law.

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Fifteenth Amendment

Prohibited voter discrimination based on race, color, or previous servitude.

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Reconstruction Act

Divided the South into military districts to enforce Reconstruction policies.

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Ku Klux Klan

White supremacist group opposing Reconstruction through terror and violence.