psycho bio exam #1 pt 2

bioamines (monoamines)

derived from amino acids

Nigrostriatal bundle

- pathways from where they originate to where they end
- is the one where people with parkinsons when these cells start to die they start to show motor symptoms, have difficulty initiating movement, they develop tremors

Mesolimbic systems:

originate in midbrain nucleus called ventral tegmental area, these are dopamine containing cells one projection go to the prefrontal cortex to limbic

Mesocortical system

meso = midbrain & to prefrontal cortex

Mesolimbic and mesocortical system

assign value to, or reinforce, adaptive behaviors , produces positive behavior when u move toward positive behavior,

ex. of dopamine drugs

Ex. amphetamines, cocaine, neuroleptics: chlorpromazine (thorazine), tardive dyskinesias. Also but not neuroleptic = designer drugs (MPTP) MPTP goes into their nervous system and kills them, destroying descending movement. They end up with motor side effects called tardive dyskinesias, they have motor side effects because they block dopamine effects that help stop controlling movement.

norepinephrine

found in autonomic nervous system
-Makes forebrain neurons more responsive to salient stimuli; speeds processing
Alpha and beta receptors
- Norepinephrine is metabolized by MAO and COMT
- Major source of brain norepinephrine is the locus coeruleus in the pons

ex of drugs of norepinephrine

Pharmacology:
Beta blockers (Inderal)
Amphetamines and adderall (for ADD improves focus)
MAO Inhibitors (pargyline) improves mood of people who are sad
Tricyclic antidepressants (they inhibit reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, they leave the transmitter in the synapse improving one's mood)

Indoleamines

derived from tryptophan

Serotonin

its a diffuse modulatory system, exists as a diffuse modulatory system, raphe nuclei is where all the serotonin exists, works mostly through g-protein coupled receptors, metabolized by two enzymes called MAO and HIOMT, Pharmacology: LSD, & SSRI's: Prozac(side effects: committed suicide) , Zoloft, Paxil, Celexa, etc ( when ppl take these drugs they can become hypomanic) it can takes weeks or even months until the effects work, it might have something to do with membrane stability

Retrograde messengers:

Originally described in glutamate synapses
Once postsynaptic cell activated, the presynaptic cell responded as if it knew what happened to the postsynaptic cell
Must be retrograde (backward) messenger
Nitric oxide

what suggests that ACh is affected in Alzheimers?

the septal nucleus and basal nucleus of Meynert are where you first see plaque formation and tangles in Alzheimer's, both these areas contain ACh

Parkinson's disease

dopamine deficiency in the substantia nigra that is is identified by muscular tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis

neuropeptides

hundreds of neuropeptides produce in the brain; often co-released with neurotransmitters, these don't function as "true" neurotransmitters, but do profoundly modulate the activity of synapses,

Examples of endorphins

opiates, opiate receptors, endogenous opiates

Opiates

- very addictive
- control the fear portion which are analgesic , Pain relief: analgesia , which is highly addictive

Opiate Receptors

It implies that u must have molecules in your body that work like opiates

Endogenous Opiates

ex: the endorphins (these are molecules that work like morphine), like enkephalins

Enkephalins

were the first of indigenous opioids , in the enkephalins have B-lipotropin that are like precursors in the pituitary gland that produce hormones and spread by blood, might affect synapses that is synapsing the axon terminal of a cell what is called presynaptic because it's synapsing on the presynaptic, it releases enkephalin on the cells axon an shuts down the release on enkephalin so u will not feel pain blocking the release of enkpehlan

Hormones

major broadcast communication in the body is the neuroendocrine

Hypothalamus

"as a master gland", controls the pituitary gland: infundibulum, anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) & posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

anterior pituitary

at the base of the hypothalamus there are not that secrete peptides into a network of capillaries at the base of the hypothalamus, these capillaries travel into the anterior pituitary this is a closed loop down the vascular system known as the portal blood supply , known as releasing factors for these peptides, they stimulate the cells to produce and secrete pituitary hormones, the pituitary dumps those hormones into the systematic general circulation which travel all throughout the body

Infundibulum

neurons in hypothalamus produce final product through the axons that travel through the infundibulum do when these neurons are activated they secrete the hormones into the circulation which travel throughout the

LHRH, LH, FSH, Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone

(provide secondary sec characteristics, very important system)

CRF, ACTH, Cortisol, Aldosterone

(adrenal cortex produces cortisol, these molecules stimulate the production of glucose, cortisol helps with healing process since it helps with lowering inflammation) aldosterone is released and works on ur kidneys it affects the retention of sodium and potassium so it helps regulate those two, it's critical by regulating those it affects your fluid balances like how much water you regulate

TRH, TSH, Thyroxine

( begins in the hypothalamus , stimulates TSH released to the body then goes to the thyroid which is located in your neck that produces thyroxine works on cells with your body to regulate metabolism, like how fast cells burn glucose and use oxygen, if u have high thyroxine cell metabolism will go up and vice versa

PRF, PIF, Prolactin

(prolactin found in the brain men have it too, but don't produce milk, idk its functions,

GHRH, Growth Hormone

it can be prescribed medically, that are probably being abused

Oxytocin

it stimulate suterine contractions and ejectiosn and secretions of milk, involved in the process of milk , can also be found in other parts of the body, thathas functions way beyond birth

Vasopressin

or known as (ADH) goes to kidneys and blood vessel causing u to retain fluid and restrict blood vessels important for blood pressure, also the reason why people retain fluid, which happens when women bleed because this hormone holds the water

Steroid Hormones

(estrogen, progesterone , testosterone, cortisol, this might take days or weeks to make its effects ) which is the steroid hormone mechanism: Steroid scan get across the cell membrane gets into the cell and then the steroids binds to a steroid receptors, then this receptor complex goes to the nucleus of the cell and changes the production of protein synthesis, ultimate goal is to change the protein synthesis