CHAPTER 5

what is the structure of a eukaryotic cell

nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

nearly all contain mitochondria for energy production

what does it mean when a cell has linear chromosomes

they go through mitosis

what does it mean when a cell has circular chromosomes

they go through binary fission

what does meiosis require to create a diploid

2 haploids/gametes + fertilization

why is meiosis so diverse?

it creates new genetic combos in each of the four daughter cells

kids from the same parents can look very different. how is this caused

DNA exchanges with paired chromosomes

true or false: fungi is a protist

false

why aren’t arthropods and helminths considered true microbes

they can be seen by the naked eye (although some do need to be viewed through a microscope)

in human pathology, which eukaryote is a common vector

anthropods

which protists can become parasitic

• alveolate

• trypanosomes/metamonads

• helminths

which eukaryote has cilia/flagella and can turn parasitic

alveolate

which eukaryotes has strong polysaccharide bonds and lacks motility

fungi/microsporidians

which eukaryote has pseudopods/ball’s feet that extend its cytoplasm

amoebas

which eukaryote is parasitic with a complex life cycle

trypanosomes/metamonads

what eukaryote is involved in photosynthesis

algae

eukaryote(s) that is free-living, but becomes parasitic when inside the body

helminths; alveolate

which eukaryote carries bacteria mechanically

arthropods

true or false: ringworm is a disease caused by fungi

true

protozoans are _______________ unicellular eukaryotes

animal-like

algae are _______________ unicellular eukaryotes

plant-like

how do eukaryotes do exocytosis

through cytoproct

what do all unicellular eukaryotes have

plasma membrane

true or false: unicellular eukaryotes can either do phagocytosis or exocytosis

true

which eukaryotes present protist motility

paramecium, amoeba, euglena

which unicellular protist moves with external cilia

paramecium

which unicellular organism uses pseudopods to extend its cytoplasm

amoeba

what propels a euglena protist

flagellum

where are slime molds grown

on a petri dish

when looking at a slime mold, what are the aggregated lumps made out of

individual cells (uni/multi) that have their own nucleus

describe the sexual reproduction cycle of Didyostelium discodium

• 2 amoeboid cells fuse into a zygote

• that uninucleate zygote forms plasmodium

• plasmodium moves and generates haploids

how are plasmodial slime molds formed

• multinucleate amoeboid cells

• reproductive stalks —> spores —→ dividing

true or false; apicomplexans are parasitic

true

what bacteria causes Malaria

Plasmodium

which ciliate slime mold can become a parasite

Balantidium coli (B. coli)

why would a saprobic oomycete not be a true mold

it feeds off of small molecules (or dead insects) for food

what parasitic protist can be identified by its serious GI effects on immunosuppressed people? where is found?

euglena; fresh water

what causes African sleeping sickness

Trypanosoma bucei

where does Trypanosoma brucei spend the first half of its life

in trete fly

what kind of parasitic helminth is responsible for sandbox disease

Enterobius vermicularis

what is another name for a round worm

nematode

what are the characteristics of a nematode

full digestive system; unsemented

true or false: trichinella is a nematode found in uncooked meat

true

flukes, tapeworms, and turbellarians are

plathelminth (flat)

in liver flukes, what structure of the flatworm grabs onto the intestines

hooks

what is the tapeworm cycle

• eggs in feces

• embedded in cattle

• humans eat contaminated cattle

• tapeworm embeds itself into human

what is the difference between bacterial spores and fungal spores

bacterial spores are for survival

fungal spores are for fertilization

what is a dimorphic fungus

it grows at different levels while at different temperatures

in the case of histoplasma capsulatium, what will the fungus look like outdoors

mycelium

what causes histoplamosis

inhaled mycelium that converts into yeast because it has entered the human body, an environment that promotes the growth of yeast

what increases the diversity of spores

haploids

why does Candida albicans overgrow antibiotics

the antibiotics kill off normal body flora

what differentiates Candida albicans from typical cocci

it has nuclei and is three times the size of cocci

what two microsporidians can cause diarrhea

macroconidium and microconidia

what provides 70% of our environment’s oxygen

algae

what does Cryptococcus neoformans cause

lung infection

what can an overgrowth of algae result in

red-tide/releases neurotoxins

what unicellular algae is used to study human nervous disorders

Chlamydomonas

what is a protist

unicellular organism that is not a plant, animal, or fungi

what is a protozoan

an animal-like unicellular organism

why does it take eukaryotes longer to replicate

• small window of time for mitosis to occur

• eukaryotes only make proteins during interphase, while bacteria create proteins as they replicate

if you have a fever, but you’re still cold (body chills), why does that happend

the fever sends out pyrogens to the hypothalamus that resets the internal thermostat