BIO 105 (whole semester)

all living organisms are composed of what?

cells

bio means what?

life

logos mean what?

to study

what are the 3 basic themes of biology?

1. evolution

2. information transfer (within/among organisms)

3. energy input & transfer (within/among organisms)

unicellular life forms consist of what?

a single cell

multicellular organisms depend on what?

functions of multiple cell that are organized to from tissues, organs / organ systems

what does a prokaryotic cell consist of?

• exclusive to bacteria & archaea

• has simple structures, no nucleus or other membrane organelles

what does a eukaryotic cell consist of?

• contains a variety of organelles w/ a nucleus enclose by membranes

what is biological growth?

an increase in the size of individual cells, number of cells, or both of an organism

what does cell development include?

all changes during an organism’s life

what is metabolism?

chemical activities in an organism like chemical reactions that are essential to nutrition, growth & repair, conversion of energy

metabolic processes are what?

carefully regulated to maintain homeostasis (a balanced internal environment)

what is homeostasis?

a balanced internal environment

what is stimuli?

when organisms respond to physical / chemical changes in their internal / external environment

stimuli responses typically involve what?

movement

complex animals have what?

specialized cells that respond to specific types of stimuli (ex: light)

what is asexual reproduction?

offspring that has the same genes as a single parent (variations occur only by mutations)

what is sexual reproduction?

offspring are produced by fusion of egg & sperm (genes typically contributed by 2 parents

populations evolve & become adapted to their environment by what means?

adaption

what are the levels of biological organization (organisms)?

1. chemical

2. cellular

3. tissue

4. organ

5. organ system

6. organism

what are the levels of biological organization (ecological)?

1. population

2. community

3. ecosystem

4. biosphere

what are the steps of the scientific method?

1. observation

2. question

3. hypothesis

4. prediction

5. experiment / pertinent observations

6. conclusion

what are the 2 types of systematic thought processes?

• deductive reasoning

• inductive reasoning

what is deductive reasoning?

supplied information (premises) & draws conclusions based on that information that comes from general principles to specific conclusions

• helps w/ discovering relationships among known facts

what is inductive reasoning?

specific observations & draws conclusions or a general principle that organizes data into catagories

• conclusions generalize facts to all possible examples

what is a hypothesis?

an educated explanation based on observations

• (if__, then__)

what are the 3 rules for a good hypothesis?

1. reasonably consistent w/ well established facts

2. can be tested

3. can be proven false (vs. an unfalsifiable one)

what is a prediction?

a deductive, logical consequence of a hypothesis that can be tested w/ experiments

predictions can be tested with what?

controlled experiments where experimental groups differs from control groups

what is an experimental group?

the group of people who are testing the variable

what is a control group?

the group of people who aren’t testing the variable

experimental conclusions are strengthened by what?

• large sample sizes

• avoiding bias

• the ability of other parties to replicate methods & obtain reproducible results

what is scientific theory?

the integrated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is based on a number of hypotheses, each supported by consistent results from many observations / experiments

what 2 things make a good scientific theory?

1. an “accepted hypothesis” for phenomenon backed by a large amount of evidence

2. the theory is valid as long as there is no evidence to dispute it, but is capable of being disproven

what is scientific law?

a law that generalizes a body of observations to which no exceptions have been found to explain things (not described like scientific theory)

what question should you ask yourself if you want to know the difference between scientific theory & scientific law?

does the description given means to explain why something occurred?

(if yes = theory, if no = law)

what is a paradigm?

a set of assumptions or concepts that constitute a way of thinking about reality

what is a paradigm shift?

a change in view to accommodate new knowledge

what is an element?

a substance that can’t be broken down into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical reactions

what is an atom?

the smallest portion of an element that retains its chemical properties

what is an electron?

light, negatively charged particles that move around in energy levels (orbitals / clouds) surrounding the atomic nucleus

what are valence electrons?

electrons that are farthest from the nucleus that generally has greater energy

what are protons?

heavy, positively charged particles located in the atomic nucleus

what is the periodic table?

a chart of all known elements arranged according to their atomic number

what is an atomic number?

the number that indicates the number of protons

what is a chemical symbol?

an abbreviation for the name of an element

what is atomic mass?

the number that indicates the number of protons & neutrons

what is a chemical compound?

atoms of 2+ more elements combined in a fixed ratio

what is a molecule?

when 2+ atoms are joined together very strongly by covalent bonds

all molecules are compounds, but?

not all compounds are molecules

what is a chemical formula?

a formula that describes the types & numbers of atoms present in a compound

• ex: H2O

what is a structural formula?

a formula that describes how atoms of a compound are arranged in space

• ex: H-O-H

what are chemical equations?

equations that describe the reaction that occurs between elements or compounds to produce a given compound (must be balanced & may occur in both directions simultaneously)

what is a chemical bond?

a force that hols atoms together in a compound

what is bond energy?

the energy that is necessary to break a bond between atoms

what is a covalent bond?

forms when atoms share electrons which can be single, double, or triple & polar or non-polar (they are the strongest bond)

what is an ionic bond?

forms when one atom gives up electrons to another atom (dissolves in water)

what is an ion?

a charged atom

what is a cation?

formed when atoms w/ 1,2, or 3 valence electrons lost electrons to other atoms & become positively charged

what is an anion?

formed when atoms w/ 5,6, or 7 valence electrons from other atoms & become negatively charged

whaat is a solvent?

a chemical that causes a compound to dissociate (dissolve)

• ex: water

what is a solute?

a compound that is dissolved in a solvent

what is a hydrogen bond?

a weak interaction between a slightly negatively charged atom in polar molecule & a hydrogen molecule that is bond to nitrogen or oxygen

what is a van deer waal interaction?

an interaction that results from movement of electrons in atoms within close proximity

what are the properties of water?

cohesive, adhesive, & capillary action

what does cohesive mean as a property of water?

the water molecules tend to stick to one another

what does adhesive mean as a property of water?

the water has the ability to stick to other substances

what does capillary action mean as a property of water?

water has a tendency to move in narrow tubes, even against the force of gravity w/ adhesion & cohesion

what is surface tension?

molecules at water’s surface crowd together, producing a strong layer as they are pulled downward by the attraction (cohesion) of water molecules beneath them

what dissolve compounds?

polar molecules can dissolve many types of compounds & exclude others

what does hydrophilic mean?

“water-loving” substances that interact easily w/ water (ex: polar & ionic compounds)

what does hydrophobic mean?

“water-fearing” substance that aren’t soluble in water (ex: non-polar compounds)

what is an acid?

any substance that dissolves in solution to yield a hydrogen ion (proton; H+) & an anion (ex: HCl → H+ + Cl-)

what is a base?

any susbtance that dissolves in solution to yield a hydroxide ion (OH-) & a cation (ex: NaOH → Na+ + OH-)

what is an example of a proton acceptor?

(OH- + H+ → H2O)

what is a proton donor?

a donor that raises the (H+) & lowers the pH of a solution (ex: NaOH→ Na+ + OH-)

what is pH?

convenient measure (negative logarithm) of the H+ concentration of solution

the higher the (H+), the lower the?

pH

what is the pH scale?

0-14 (0-acidic, 7-neutral, 14-basic)

what is a buffer?

substances that resists changes in pH when an acid or base is added

acids & bases combine to form what?

salt & water (ex: HCl + NaOH → H2O + NaCl)

an organic compounds have a backbone that contains what?

carbon

what are the features of carbon?

• 4 covalent bonds

• bonds strong but breakable

• tetrahedral shape

• single bonds allow rotation

what are isomers?

compounds w/ the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

what is a structural isomer?

compounds where molecules differ in the arrangement of covalent bonds

what is a geometric isomer?

compounds where molecules differ in how the atoms are arranged in space

what is an enantiomer?

molecules are mirror images of each other

what are functional groups?

groups of atoms that are bound to the carbon of an organic molecule in place of hydrogen (ex: methyl (R-CH3))

what are macromolecules?

organic molecules that are made of thousands of atoms

what is a polymer?

chemical substances made of repeating monomers

what is a monomer?

a small, single molecules that links together w/ other monomers to make a polymer (monosacchride)

what is hydrolysis?

the disconnection of 2 monomers

what is dehydration / condensation?

the joining on 2 monomers

the chemical behavior of an atom is determined most directly by its what?

number of valence electrons

carbohydrate molecules are a good source of?

energy

carbohydrates are sugars and?

polysaccharides

a monomer is the same as what?

a monosaccharide

carbohydrates are joined together by?

glycosidic bonds

what is a glycosidic bond?

a covalent chemical bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group or molecule

what are the major types of polysacchrides?

• starch

• glycogen

• cellulose