gold foil experiment (nuclear model), bohr model and electromagnetic spectrum

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5/3/25 + 11/2/25

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summary of gold foil experiment

  • ernest rutherford

  • fired alpha particles (tiny and charged particles smaller than atom) at gold foil

  • found that 1 - majority of alpha α particles shoot straight through

  • 2- a small fraction of alpha α particles found at small angles

  • 3- tiny fraction of alpha α particles detected in front of the foil

<ul><li><p>ernest rutherford</p></li><li><p>fired alpha particles (tiny and charged particles smaller than atom) at gold foil</p></li><li><p>found that 1 - majority of alpha α particles shoot straight through</p></li><li><p>2- a small fraction of alpha α particles found at small angles</p></li><li><p>3- tiny fraction of alpha α particles detected in front of the foil</p></li></ul><p></p>
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conclusions of gold foil experiment

  • most of atom is empty space

  • positively charged centers consist of majority of mass

  • mass and charged are not uniformly distributed

  • nuclear model of atom: positively charged nucleus with electrons orbiting nucleus

<ul><li><p>most of atom is empty space</p></li><li><p>positively charged centers consist of majority of mass</p></li><li><p>mass and charged are not uniformly distributed </p></li><li><p>nuclear model of atom: positively charged nucleus with electrons orbiting nucleus</p></li></ul><p></p>
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electrostatic force

Force of attraction and repulsion between protons and electrons

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principal quantum number

  • orbits outside of nucleus

  • n = 1, 2, 3… infinity

  • electron is never between any two states

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when electron goes closer/farther from nucleus

  • gives off a quantum of energy exactly equal to the difference between the two states when going from excited to ground

  • when going away from nucleus, ground to excited or further, absorb a quantum of energy exactly equal to the difference between the two states when going from excited to ground

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what determines the attraction of electrons and protons

the attraction between electrons and protons depends on the number of protons

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frequency is proportional to…

  • frequency is inversely proportional to wavelength

  • high frequency, short wavelength

  • low frequency, long wavelength

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incandescent light is a

continuous spectrum

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are orbits of electron dynamic or static?

  • dynamic

  • change according to forces/function of forces

  • different forces, different energy

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line spectra and identifying elements

  • all elements give off a different spectra

  • spectras can be used to identify elements

  • the spectra depends on the energy in the element which depends on the force of attraction in the atom

  • electron is attracted to nucleus

  • the nucleus charge/number of protons determines the force of attraction

  • Every element has a different number of protons therefore different levels of attraction therefore different energy levels therefore different line spectrums