Biology- Chapter 12- Vocab

study of heredity

Genetics

process in sexual reproduction male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cycle

fertilization

specific characteristic of individual

trait

offspring of crosses between parents with different traits

hybrid

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait, factor that is passed from parent to offspring

gene

one of a number of different forms of a gene

allele

mendel’s 2nd conclusion which states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive

principle of dominance

separation of alleles during gamete formation

segregation

sex cell

gamete

likelihood that a particular event will occur

probability

having 2 identical alleles for a particular gene

homozygous

having two different alleles for a particular gene

heterozygous

physical characteristics of an organism

phenotype

genetic makeup of an organism

genotype

diagram used to predict genotype and phenotype combos of a genetic cross

punnett squares

one of Mendel’s principles that states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during formation of gametes

independent assortment

situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another

incomplete dominance

situation in which phenotypes produced by both alleles are completely expressed

codominance

gene has more than two alleles

multiple alleles

trait controlled by 2 or more genes

polygenic trait

term to refer to chromosomes which one set comes from a male parent and one set from a female parent

homologous

a cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosmes

diploid

a cell that contains only a single set of genes

haploid

process which number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell

meiosis

structure containing four chromatids, form during meiosis

tetrad

process which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis

crossing-over