Hemolymph - Final: Blood and Blood Accessories

What is the major cause of anemia in food animals?

Parasites

What are the four main nematodes of food animal?

Haemonchus contortus

Ostertagia

Trichostrongylus

Cooperia

(HOTC)

What are the hallmarks of Haemonchus contortus?

Anemia (bad)

Hypoproteinemia

What perpetuates parasitism?

Permanent Pasture

How is anaplasmosis transmitted?

Blood (ticks, needles, etc.)

T/F: Anaplasmosis typically only affects older animals

True

T/F: It is suggested to perform a blood smear on suspected anaplasmosis

False, likely already lysed so can't find

T/F: Anaplasmosis causes hemoglobinuria

False, due to extravascular hemolysis

What should be avoided with anemic animals?

Stress! Increases oxygen consumption

Low amounts of what can cause postparturient hemoglobinuria?

Phosphorus (no ATP = exploding cells)

Copper toxicosis affects what species most?

Sheep

How does chronic copper toxicosis present?

Clinically normal until hemolytic crisis due to release of copper stores

Copper causes what form of hemolysis?

Intravascular

Why might a patient have decreased availability of iron?

Sequestration of iron to restrain bacterial growth

What platelet number may cause hemorrhage?

<10,000

What coagulation factors are involved with Moldy Sweet Clover Toxicosis?

Vitamin K dependent

The adult form of lymphoma is associated with what virus?

Bovine Leukemia virus

What form of lymphoma will have local neck progression and jugular distension?

Thymic form

T/F: Once infection is established with BLV, animals are infected for life

True

How is BLV transmitted?

Lymphocytes (blood, colostrum, nasal secretions)

T/F: A majority of BLV infected cattle are asymptomatic

True

T/F: Persistent lymphocytosis is a precursor to lymphoma

False

What is the major predilection site for lymphoma? What is the second most common?

Lymph nodes (duh)

Abomasum

What is the most common site for CAE?

Carpal joints

What is the most common form of transmission for CAE?

Colostrum

Why might you not lance an abscess on a goat?

In case it is corynebacterium (Caseous lymphadenitis). Lance and discard into sealed bag, then isolate

What species will get the internal form of CLA and what species gets the external form?

Internal: sheep

External: goat

What are the five major causes of weight loss in small ruminants?

Parasites

Johne's

Caseous Lymphadenitis

CAE/OPP

Dental

What is the transmission of feline leukemia (FeLV)?

Saliva (so lover and fighter)

How does FeLV reproduce?

RNA becomes DNA by reverse transcriptase, which inserts into genome to produce more RNA

What are the three outcomes of FeLV infection?

Abortive (Immune system wins, healthy)

Regressive (DNA integrated into genome, but no shedding)

Progressive (clinical disease)

What is a major prognostic factor for FeLV infection?

Age at time of infection

What is the most common clinical sign of FeLV?

Immunosuppression

What is being tested for in FeLV?

P27 antigen in serum

What are the two confirmatory tests for FeLV?

PCR for provirus or IFA for P27 antigen

When should you vaccinate for FeLV?

Kitten,

Adult and at risk (outdoor, cattery)

T/F: Vaccinated cats will test positive for FeLV

False, does NOT contain P27

What is a big risk factor for FIV?

Aggression (spread by fighting)

What is the major clinical sign of FIV?

Immunosuppression

T/F: Most FIV positive cats will be free from significant disease and live a normal life

True

T/F: FIV tests look for antigen

False, antibody

What is the correct protocol for a 3 month old kitten with a positive FIV result?

Wait a few months and retest. Maternal antibodies fade at 6 months, but can cause false positives before then

How can we prevent FIV?

Prevent fighting

If it's a young cat with anemia, what disease is it?

FeLV, prognosis is 3 years, test for antigen

If it's an adult cat with mild to no symptoms (maybe stomatitis), what disease is it?

FIV, prognosis is good, test for antibody

What can increase PCV in a horse? What about decrease?

Increases with excitement/pain

Decreases with alpha-2 agonists

What is the most common site for a bone marrow aspirate in a horse?

Sternum

How can you distinguish regenerative from non-regenerative anemia in a horse?

Myeloid:Erythroid ratio

Decreased = regenerative

Increased = non-regenerative

What lab findings are consistent with hemorrhage in horses?

Decreased PCV

Decreased TP

Increases blood lactate (hypoxic)

T/F: Total protein decreases with hemolytic anemia

False

What are the most immunogenic alloantibodies in horses?

Qa and Aa (Question and Answer)

T/F: You can always give donkey blood to horses

False, don't do that

T/F: The goal of transfusion is to replace all the lost blood

False, just 20 - 40%

You have a 500 kg horse with a PCV of 10%. How much blood should you give?

((36 - 10) / 36) (0.08) (500) = (26/36) * 40 = 29L LOST

Give 20 - 40% of lost, or 5.8 - 11.6 Liters

What is more common in horses, intravascular or extravascular hemolytic anemia?

Extravascular

T/F: Intravascular hemolytic anemia is always accompanied by extravascular hemolysis

True

T/F: Extravascular hemolytic anemia is always accompanied by intravascular hemolysis

False

What cause of infectious equine anemia is reportable?

Piroplasmosis

How is piroplasmosis transmitted?

Ticks or iatrogenically from persistently infected horses

What diagnostic is best to detect chronic infections?

cELISA

What are the three risk factors for neonatal isoerythrolysis?

Mare is Qa/Aa negative

Sire/Foal is Qa/Aa positive

Mare is sensitized by previous exposrue to Qa/Aa

Red maple causes oxidative injury, which is characterized by what two things?

Hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia

What is the major dysfunction in methemoglobinemia?

Methemoglobin can't transport oxygen

What is the most common cause of non-regenerative anemia?

Chronic inflammation

T/F: Decreased iron due to chronic inflammation needs to be supplemented

False, it is sequestered, not lost

How do RBCs look with iron deficiency?

Microcytic and hypochromic

T/F: Treatment of iron deficiency anemia is IV iron supplementation

False, oral only

T/F: Anemia and thrombocytopenia may be features of all types of hemostatic dysfunction

True!

What is the most common coagulation factor deficiency?

VIII (Hemophilia A)

What are the two stages of DIC?

Microthrombi deposition and consumption coagulopathy

How do we treat rodenticide toxicity?

Vitamin K1 (not 3)

What are the two main mechanisms of thrombocytopenia?

Increased consumption or destruction

T/F: A majority of horses with EIA are inapparent carriers

True

How is EIA diagnosed?

Coggins

What is the treatment for EIA?

Death or lifetime quarantine (no treatment)

What is the vector of anaplasma?

Ixodes

How is anaplasma diagnosed?

Buffy coat PCR

What are the classic indicators of vasculitis?

Edema and petechia

What is the most common cause of purpura hemorrhagica (EPH)?

Strept equi equi (recent strangles might indicate EPH)

How is Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA) transmitted?

Semen or Aerosols

Summ

Ree

What is the most common neoplasia of the horse?

Lymphoma

T/F: Signs of lymphoma are nonspecific in horses, but can include weight loss, lethargy, and edema

True

What diagnostic is helpful for lymphoma in horses?

Ultrasound

What type of lymphoma is common is the thorax?

T-cell (T for Torax)

What may influence recurrence of cutaneous lymphoma?

Hormonal changes and season

T/F: Equine Myeloma is bad

False, very bad

What bacteria can cause external abscesses and ulcerative lymphangitis?

Corynebacterium