Module 12 Flashcards

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50 Terms

1
Geocentric Theory
idea that planets revolved around Earth
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2
Who came up with the Geocentric Theory?
Aristotle
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3
Scientific Revolution
beginning of the 1500s when thinkers began to question the ideas of ancient thinkers
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4
Nicolaus Copernicus
first thought of the Heliocentric Theory
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5
Heliocentric Theory
that Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun
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6
Why did people not believe in Heliocentric Theory?
went against religious views at the time
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7
Tycho Brahe
studied planetary movements and gathered data but died before he could release his discovery
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8
Johannes Kepler
Tycho Brahe's assistant who found out that the Heliocentric Theory was correct
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9
Galileo
Italian scientist who made astronomic discoveries and invented the telescope
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10
Galileo's key discoveries?
Moon was rough and uneven and that the Sun had dark spots on it
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11
Scientific Method
logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas
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12
Francis Bacon
English writer who believed scientists should experiment and then draw conclusions
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13
Rene Descartes
French mathematician who created analytical geometry
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14
Who created the Scientific Method?
Rene Descartes and Francis Bacon
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15
Isaac Newton
English mathematician who discovered gravity
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16
Deism
belief that God created this orderly universe and is a clockmaker who set everything into motion/universe is like a giant clock
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17
Galen
dissected pigs and assumed human anatomy was the same
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18
Andreas Vesalius
proved Galen wrong by dissecting human corpses and publishing his discoveries
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19
Edward Jenner
created the first vaccine
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20
Who is considered the "Father of Modern Chemistry"
Robert Boyle
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21
Enlightenment
intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems
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22
Thomas Hobbes
believed people were naturally selfish and wicked
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23
What was Hobbe's idea of the best government?
having a social contract where people give up with rights to a ruler in return they get law and order
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24
John Locke
believed people could learn from their experiences and better themselves
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25
What did John Locke believe people were naturally born into?
the rights of life, liberty, and property
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26
Philosophes
French word for "philosphers"
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27
Philosophe's five core concepts?
reason, nature, happiness, progress, liberty,
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28
Rationalism
belief that truth could be discovered through reason and logical thinking
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29
Voltaire
used satire against his opponents and fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion, and speech
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30
Montesquieu
came up with the idea of checks and balances and thought Britain was the best-governed nation
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31
Rosseau
philosopher who fought for individual freedom
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32
Beccaria
fought for abolishment of torture
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33
Salons
social gathering where philosophers, writers, artists, and scientists would discuss ideas
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34
Diderot
Enlightenment writer who made the first Encyclopedia
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35
Baroque
grand, ornate designs in architecture and paintings
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36
Neoclassical
simple and elegant designs in architecture and paintings
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37
Mary Astell
writer who addressed lack of educational opportunities for women and used Enlightenment ideas to support her claim
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38
Mary Wollstonecraft
believed women should get an education and encouraged women to go into fields of politics and medicine
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39
Enlightened Despots
monarchs that embraced Enlightenment ideas
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40
Fredrick the II
Prussian king who granted religious freedom, reduced censorship, and improved education
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41
Joseph the II
Austrian king who granted freedom of press and had more educational opportunities
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42
Catherine the Great
wanted religious toleration and abolishing torture and ended up expanding her country before she died
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43
Navigation Act
prevented colonists from selling their most valuable items to any other country aside from Britain
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44
Stamp Act
having to pay taxes for official stamps being put on newspapers, wills, deeds, and other printed materials
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45
Boston Tea Party
rebellion movement on the colony's side after Britain taxed tea
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46
Thomas Jefferson
wrote the Declaration of Independence
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47
What inspired the Declaration of Independence?
John Locke's ideas
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48
Ideas of the Declaration of Independence?
life, liberty, pursuit of happiness
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49
Federal System
legislative branch, executive branch, judicial branch
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50
Bill of Rights
ten amendments to the Constitution
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