Module 12 Flashcards

Geocentric Theory

idea that planets revolved around Earth

Who came up with the Geocentric Theory?

Aristotle

Scientific Revolution

beginning of the 1500s when thinkers began to question the ideas of ancient thinkers

Nicolaus Copernicus

first thought of the Heliocentric Theory

Heliocentric Theory

that Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun

Why did people not believe in Heliocentric Theory?

went against religious views at the time

Tycho Brahe

studied planetary movements and gathered data but died before he could release his discovery

Johannes Kepler

Tycho Brahe's assistant who found out that the Heliocentric Theory was correct

Galileo

Italian scientist who made astronomic discoveries and invented the telescope

Galileo's key discoveries?

Moon was rough and uneven and that the Sun had dark spots on it

Scientific Method

logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas

Francis Bacon

English writer who believed scientists should experiment and then draw conclusions

Rene Descartes

French mathematician who created analytical geometry

Who created the Scientific Method?

Rene Descartes and Francis Bacon

Isaac Newton

English mathematician who discovered gravity

Deism

belief that God created this orderly universe and is a clockmaker who set everything into motion/universe is like a giant clock

Galen

dissected pigs and assumed human anatomy was the same

Andreas Vesalius

proved Galen wrong by dissecting human corpses and publishing his discoveries

Edward Jenner

created the first vaccine

Who is considered the "Father of Modern Chemistry"

Robert Boyle

Enlightenment

intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems

Thomas Hobbes

believed people were naturally selfish and wicked

What was Hobbe's idea of the best government?

having a social contract where people give up with rights to a ruler in return they get law and order

John Locke

believed people could learn from their experiences and better themselves

What did John Locke believe people were naturally born into?

the rights of life, liberty, and property

Philosophes

French word for "philosphers"

Philosophe's five core concepts?

reason, nature, happiness, progress, liberty,

Rationalism

belief that truth could be discovered through reason and logical thinking

Voltaire

used satire against his opponents and fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion, and speech

Montesquieu

came up with the idea of checks and balances and thought Britain was the best-governed nation

Rosseau

philosopher who fought for individual freedom

Beccaria

fought for abolishment of torture

Salons

social gathering where philosophers, writers, artists, and scientists would discuss ideas

Diderot

Enlightenment writer who made the first Encyclopedia

Baroque

grand, ornate designs in architecture and paintings

Neoclassical

simple and elegant designs in architecture and paintings

Mary Astell

writer who addressed lack of educational opportunities for women and used Enlightenment ideas to support her claim

Mary Wollstonecraft

believed women should get an education and encouraged women to go into fields of politics and medicine

Enlightened Despots

monarchs that embraced Enlightenment ideas

Fredrick the II

Prussian king who granted religious freedom, reduced censorship, and improved education

Joseph the II

Austrian king who granted freedom of press and had more educational opportunities

Catherine the Great

wanted religious toleration and abolishing torture and ended up expanding her country before she died

Navigation Act

prevented colonists from selling their most valuable items to any other country aside from Britain

Stamp Act

having to pay taxes for official stamps being put on newspapers, wills, deeds, and other printed materials

Boston Tea Party

rebellion movement on the colony's side after Britain taxed tea

Thomas Jefferson

wrote the Declaration of Independence

What inspired the Declaration of Independence?

John Locke's ideas

Ideas of the Declaration of Independence?

life, liberty, pursuit of happiness

Federal System

legislative branch, executive branch, judicial branch

Bill of Rights

ten amendments to the Constitution