Respiratory and Circulatory Systems Review

Flashcards covering key concepts from the respiratory and circulatory systems along with related biological systems.

Nasal cavity

The part of the respiratory system that filters, warms, and humidifies air.

Pharynx

A part of the respiratory system that serves as a pathway for air and food.

Larynx

The voice box that houses the vocal cords and is involved in breathing and swallowing.

Epiglottis

A flap that closes off the windpipe during swallowing.

Glottis

The opening between the vocal cords located in the larynx.

Trachea

The windpipe that connects the larynx to the bronchi.

Bronchi

The large air passages that branch from the trachea into the lungs.

Bronchioles

Smaller airways in the lungs that lead to the alveoli.

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells that carry oxygen in the bloodstream.

Hemoglobin

A protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen.

Iron

A metal necessary for the function of hemoglobin.

Cyanoglobin

An oxygen-carrying protein that contains copper instead of iron.

Cellular respiration

The process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy.

Positive pressure breathing

A method used by amphibians to push air into their lungs.

Gills

Respiratory structures in fish that extract oxygen from water.

Air sacs

Structures in birds that allow efficient gas exchange during inhalation and exhalation.

Trachea in insects

A system of air-filled tubes that facilitate gas exchange.

Bicarbonate buffer system

The mechanism that helps maintain blood pH by adjusting CO2 levels.

COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, often caused by smoking.

Myoglobin

An oxygen-carrying protein found in muscle tissue.

Veins

Blood vessels that return blood to the heart.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels where the exchange of substances occurs.

Pulmonary circuit

The path that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart.

Systemic circuit

The path that carries oxygenated blood to the tissues and back to the heart.

P-wave

The part of the ECG that represents atrial contraction.

QRS complex

The part of the ECG that represents ventricular contraction.

T-wave

The part of the ECG that represents the heart's reset.

Blood

Both cells and liquid

Plasma

The liquid portion of blood that carries cells and nutrients.

Atherosclerosis

Hardening of the arteries due to fatty deposits.

LDL

Low density lipoprotein, often referred to as 'bad cholesterol'.

HDL

High density lipoprotein, known as 'good cholesterol'.

Hypertension

High blood pressure condition.

Myocardial infarction

A heart attack caused by blockage of coronary arteries.

Stroke

Damage to brain tissue caused by clogged arteries.

Angina pectoris

Chest pain related to heart problems.

Open circulatory system in arthropods

A system where hemolymph bathes internal organs.

Two-chambered heart

The heart structure of fish.

Three-chambered heart

The heart structure of amphibians and reptiles.

Four-chambered heart

The most efficient heart structure found in mammals and birds.

Red blood cells (RBC)

Cells that carry oxygen in the blood.

White blood cells (WBC)

Cells that protect the body against infections.

T and B cells

are adaptive (i.e. allowing for immunity) and participate in making antibodies. Some T-cells kill infected body cells directly.

Basophils

White blood cells that produce inflammation chemicals.

Eosinophils

White blood cells that attack multicellular organisms.

Neutrophils

Acts like macrophages (pac-man)

Monocytes

 lecate in specific tissues to become macrophages of different types.

Lymphatic system

A system that collects and cleans leaked fluids from the circulatory system.

Edema

Swelling due to poor circulation.

Digestive system

The system responsible for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients.

Mouth

starch digestion (amylose is the most common form of starch) via salivary glands secretions

Esophagus

The muscular tube that connects the throat (pharynx) with the stomach

Stomach

protein digestion, acid denatures proteins and kills bacteria

Small intestine

most digestion and absorption takes place here

Duodenum

Liver and pancreases

Jejunum

The middle section of the small intestine, located between the duodenum and ileum, where most of the absorption of nutrients occurs

Ileum

 longest and last portion of the small intestine

Large intestine

reabsorbs water and minerals, compacts remaining stuff for elimination

Gizzard

A muscular stomach-like organ in birds that grinds food.

Cecum (Hindgut fermenters)

Animals that ferment tough plant fibers in an enlarged cecum.

Foregut fermenters (ruminants)

Animals with a multi-chambered stomach for digesting plant material.

Type 1 diabetes

An autoimmune condition where the pancreas fails to produce insulin.

Type 2 diabetes

A condition where body cells become resistant to insulin.

Insulin

A hormone that lowers blood sugar by promoting glucose absorption.

Glucagon

A hormone that raises blood sugar by releasing stored glucose from the liver.

Bariatric surgery

Surgical procedures for weight reduction.

Sleeve

part of the stomach is removed, decreasing the amount of food that can be eaten

Gastric bypass

a tiny portion of the stomach is isolated, then a portion of the small intestine is by-passed to disallow food from fully being digested and absorbed.

Gastric band

 a mechanic band is placed around the stomach to decrease food consumption

Adaptive immunity

Specific immune response that develops antibodies for particular pathogens.

Innate immunity

Non-specific immune response that serves as the first line of defense.