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20 Terms
1
Social Control
Mechanisms that regulate individual and group behavior to ensure conformity, enforced by the government through laws and the criminal justice system.
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2
Criminal Justice System
A system consisting of interconnected agencies (police, courts, corrections) that work together to enforce laws, adjudicate crimes, and impose penalties.
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3
Actus Reus
A criminal act, one of the three components required for a crime to occur.
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4
Mens Rea
Criminal intent, the second component required for a crime to occur.
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5
Dark Figure of Crime
Refers to unreported crimes that are not reflected in official statistics, leading to an incomplete understanding of crime.
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6
Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
FBI-collected data on reported crimes, a primary crime measurement tool.
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7
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
Survey-based crime data obtained from victims, another primary measurement tool.
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8
Substantive Law
Defines crimes and their punishments.
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9
Procedural Law
Dictates how legal proceedings must be conducted.
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10
Problem-Oriented Policing (POP)
A proactive policing strategy that focuses on identifying and analyzing crime problems to develop effective response strategies.
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11
Broken Windows Theory
The theory that addressing minor signs of disorder helps prevent more serious crimes.
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12
Police Discretion
The ability of police officers to decide how to enforce laws based on their judgment.
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13
Selective Enforcement
The practice of enforcing some laws more strictly than others, raising concerns about fairness.
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14
Fourth Amendment
Protects individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures, requiring probable cause for most searches.
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15
Police Militarization
The use of military-style equipment, tactics, and weapons by law enforcement agencies.
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16
Double Marginality
The experience of minority officers being viewed as outsiders both by fellow officers and the community.
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17
Jurisdiction
The authority of a court to hear and decide a case.
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18
Supreme Court
The highest court in the U.S., which has the final say on constitutional issues.
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19
Exclusionary Rule
Prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in court.
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20
Community Policing
A strategy that emphasizes building relationships between law enforcement and the community to enhance public safety and trust.
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