Untitled Flashcards Set

Functions of blood

Transports gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones; regulates pH and body temperature; restricts fluid loss; defends against pathogens.

Composition of whole blood

Made up of Red Blood Cells (RBC), White Blood Cells (WBC), and Platelets.

Percentage of plasma in blood volume

46-63%.

Type of tissue of blood

Liquid connective tissue.

Water in blood plasma

Makes up 91.5% of blood plasma; acts as a solvent and suspending medium.

Plasma proteins

Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogens.

Source of plasma proteins

Produced by the liver; responsible for colloid osmotic pressure.

Role of albumins

Maintain osmotic pressure; important in fluid exchange across blood capillaries.

Function of globulins

Immunoglobulins attack pathogens; alpha and beta globulins transport iron, lipids, and vitamins.

Function of fibrinogens

Large proteins that assist in blood clotting.

Other solutes in blood plasma

Electrolytes, nutrients, gases, regulatory substances, waste products.

Function of electrolytes

Maintain osmotic pressure and support cell functions.

Positively charged electrolytes

Na, K, Ca, Mg.

Negatively charged electrolytes

Cl, HPO, SO, HCO.

Nutrients in blood plasma examples

Amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, glycerol, vitamins, minerals.

Nutrient roles

Support cell functions, growth, and development.

Gases in blood plasma

Oxygen, CO2, nitrogen.

Function of gases in plasma

Oxygen supports cellular functions; CO2 regulates blood pH.

Examples of regulatory substances

Enzymes, hormones, vitamins.

Function of enzymes

Catalyze chemical reactions.

Function of hormones

Regulate metabolism, growth, and development.

Function of vitamins

Cofactors for enzymatic reactions.

Waste products in blood

Urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin, ammonia.

Function of waste products

Breakdown products of metabolism carried to organs for excretion.

Process of producing blood cells

Hemopoiesis or Hematopoeisis.

Role of pluripotent stem cells

Differentiate into various types of blood cells.

RBC degeneration timeframe

120 days.

Hemoglobin content in RBC

Makes up 95% of RBC structure.

Hemoglobin composition

Formed from two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains.

Functions of hemoglobin

Regulates blood flow and pressure; enhances oxygen delivery.

Carbonic anhydrase function

Catalyzes conversion of CO2 and water to carbonic acid; buffers blood.

Stages of RBC maturation

Proerythroblast, Erythroblasts (Basophilic, Polychromatophilic, Normoblast), Reticulocyte, Mature RBC.

Reticulocyte definition

Immature RBCs that mature in circulation.

Erythropoietin release stimulus

Released from kidneys in response to hypoxia.

Reasons for EPO in blood

Anemia, low kidney blood flow, low blood oxygen, lung damage.

Nutritional anemia causes

Low dietary iron, vitamin B12, folic acid.

Pernicious anemia cause

Decreased Intrinsic Factor secretion by stomach cells.

Types of leukocytes

Granular or agranular.

Types of granular leukocytes

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.

Types of agranular leukocytes

Lymphocytes, monocytes.

WBC lifespan

Months to years.

Main function of WBCs

Combat invading microbes.

WBC emigration

When WBCs leave bloodstream to site of invasion.

Indication of elevated WBC count

Infection or inflammation.

Indication of high neutrophil count

Bacterial infection, burns, stress, inflammation.

Indication of high lymphocyte count

Viral infections, some leukemias, mononucleosis.

Indication of high monocyte count

Viral or fungal infections, tuberculosis, chronic diseases.

Indication of high eosinophil count

Allergic reactions, parasites, autoimmune diseases.

Indication of high basophil count

Allergic reactions, leukemias, cancers, hypothyroidism.

Indication of low neutrophil count

Radiation exposure, drug toxicity, B12 deficiency, lupus.

Indication of low lymphocyte count

Prolonged illness, HIV, immunosuppression, cortisol treatment.

Indication of low monocyte count

Bone marrow suppression, cortisol treatment.

Indication of low eosinophil count

Drug toxicity, stress, acute allergic reactions.

Indication of low basophil count

Pregnancy, ovulation, stress, hypothyroidism.

Platelet function

Clotting the blood.

Thrombopoietin function

Converts hemopoietic stem cells to platelets.

Platelet lifespan

5-9 days.

Hemostasis definition

Stopping bleeding.

Phases of hemostasis

Vascular phase, Platelet phase, Coagulation phase.

Vascular phase action

Local blood vessel constriction (vascular spasm).

Platelet phase action

Activated platelets aggregate at the site and adhere to damaged surfaces.

Feedback type of platelet phase

Positive feedback through secretion of substances.

Vitamin supporting hemostasis

Vitamin K.

Function of plasmin

Dissolves unwanted small clots.

RBC count in females

About 4.8 million per nL.

RBC count in males

About 5.4 million per nL.

Characteristics of RBCs

7-8 nm diameter, biconcave discs, anucleated, lifespan of 120 days.

RBC function

Transport oxygen and CO2 in the blood via hemoglobin.

Leukocyte count per nL

5000-10000.

Leukocyte lifespan

Few hours to a few days.

Granular leukocyte majority

Neutrophils make up 60-70% of all WBCs.

Characteristics of Neutrophils

10-12 nm diameter, 2-5 lobed nucleus, pale lilac granules in cytoplasm.

Granular leukocyte percentage for Eosinophils

2-4% of all WBCs.

Granular leukocyte percentage for Basophils

0.5-1% of all WBCs.

Characteristics of Basophils

8-10nm diameter, nucleus has 2 loves large cytoplasm granules appear deep blue-purple

Stain for granular leukocytes

Wright's stain.

Long-lived lymphocytes

T and B memory cells.

Granular leukocyte percentage for T cells, B cells, NK cells

20-25% of all WBCs.

Lymphocyte function

Mediate immune responses and antigen-antibody reactions.

B cells function

Develop into plasma cells that secrete antibodies.

T cells function

Attack invading viruses, cancer cells, and transplanted tissue.