Thermochemistry
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26 Terms
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Enthalpy change
________ depends on the physical states of reactants and products and these states must be specified.
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Delta H
________ can be determined experimentally by measuring heat flow for a reaction at constant pressure.
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If delta V is + →
expansion of gas; system does work on surroundings and w is negative.
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internal energy
Like ________ E, both P and V are state functions.
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Surroundings
________: everything outside of the system.
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PV work
________ "is work involved in expansion or compression of gases.
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sign of delta H
Reversing the direction of a reaction changes the ________.
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enthalpy change
If the coefficients of a chemical reaction are multiplied by some factor, the ________ must also be multiplied by that factor.
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delta H
If ________ is positive, the reaction is endothermic.
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Internal energy
________, U, of a system: the sum of ALL potential and kinetic energies of the components of the system.
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delta H
If ________ is negative, the reaction is exothermic.
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System
part of the universe that we are studying
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Surroundings
everything outside of the system
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Open system
matter & energy exchange with surroundings
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Closed system
exchanges energy as work and/or heat (but not matter)
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Isolated system
neither matter nor energy exchanged
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First law of thermodynamics
energy is conserved
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Internal energy, U, of a system
the sum of ALL potential and kinetic energies of the components of the system
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delta U = Ufinal
Uinitial
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At constant pressure
w = -P(delta V)
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If delta V is
→ compression of gas; work is done on the system and w is positive
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At constant pressure
delta H = delta E + P(delta V)
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Heat capacity
the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of an object by one degree C or K
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Specific heat
the heat capacity of one gram of a substance; Cs
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Enthalpy of formation
the enthalpy change for the reaction in which one mole of a substance is made from its constituent elements in their elemental (most stable) forms
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Standard enthalpies of formation
measured under standard conditions
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