Minimally Invasive and Robotic-Assisted Surgery Terminology

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and definitions for Robotic-Assisted Surgery (RAS) and Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) based on the provided lecture notes.

Bedside unit

A component of a robotic-assisted surgical system that holds a surgical instrument and receives signals from the surgeon at the console; comparable to the patient cart in the da Vinci system.

Docking

The process of moving the patient cart into position and locking the instrument arms in place (specific to da Vinci systems).

Hand controllers

Devices located in the surgeon console that let the surgeon use their hands to manipulate surgical instruments.

Haptic feedback

Also known as force pressure, this is the sense of touch and pressure; surgeons must use visual cues if a robotic system lacks this feature.

Modular robotic system

A system that features a single instrument and its arm attached to a dedicated movable base.

Near-infrared imaging

The use of an optical instrument, such as a specially adapted surgical endoscope, to detect near-infrared fluorescence in tissues.

Port (Robotic)

An opening in the body created with a trocar used for the insertion of minimally invasive instruments and endoscopes.

Registration

Using computer technology to layer separate digital images of the same subject to create a 3D composite.

Remote data display

The streaming of data, such as CT scan images and x-rays from a remote location, to the screen monitor of the surgeon console.

Reposable

Refers to surgical instruments that can be reprocessed a limited number of times.

Robotic-assisted surgical (RAS) system

A device that uses computer technology and software to control and manipulate surgical instruments.

Scaled movement

The translation of the surgeon's normal hand movements on the controller to a much smaller scale.

Surgeon console

A robotic system component where the surgeon remotely manipulates surgical instruments and controls other system devices.

Surgical access

The technique used to enter the body to perform surgery.

Wristed instruments

A feature of robotic instruments possessing 7 degrees of freedom, allowing for the opening and closing of instrument jaws.

Active electrode monitoring (AEM)

A method of reducing patient burn risk during monopolar electrosurgery by stopping electrical current when high resistance is detected in the circuit.

Arthroscopy

Endoscopic surgery performed on a joint.

Auxiliary water channel

A channel in a flexible endoscope used to deliver irrigation fluid at the tip.

Biopsy channel

A channel extending the full length of a flexible endoscope used to retrieve biopsy tissue.

Camera control unit (CCU)

The main control source that captures video signals from the camera head and processes them for display.

Cannula

A slender tube inserted through the body wall used to receive and stabilize telescopic instruments in minimally invasive surgery.

Capacitive coupling

The unintended transmission of electricity from the active electrode to an adjacent conductive pathway, which may result in patient burns.

Control head

The proximal section of a flexible endoscope where the controls are located.

Direct coupling

The transmission of electricity directly from one conductive path to another, such as from an electrosurgical tip to a conductive instrument.

Elevator channel

A channel extending the full length of a flexible endoscope for biopsy forceps or other instruments.

Endocoupler

A device that connects the telescope to the camera.

Gain

In electronics, the intensity of the signal.

High-definition (HD)

A video format with a $16:9$ aspect ratio and a pixel count seven times greater than standard definition.

Imaging system

Combined components of the MIS system that create the image captured in the focal view of the telescope.

Insertion tube

The long, narrow portion of the flexible endoscope inserted into the body.

Insufflation

The inflation of the abdominal or thoracic cavity with carbon dioxide gas during minimally invasive surgery.

Light cable

A fiber-optic cable, also called a light guide, that transmits light from the source to the endoscopic instrument.

Light source

A device that controls and emits light for endoscopic procedures.

Optical angle

The angle at which light is transmitted at the distal end of a fiber-optic telescope.

Pixel

The smallest unit of color displayed as a computer image.

Pneumoperitoneum

Distension of the abdomen with carbon dioxide gas during laparoscopy to visualize surgical anatomy.

Resectoscope

A surgical endoscope capable of morcellation or tissue fragmentation.

Standard definition (SD)

A video format that displays $640 \times 480$ pixels in a rectangular image.

White balance

A procedure for adjusting the light color of the video camera to match other system components.