Geography - GLobalisation Overview

Globalisation

The increased interconnectedness and interdependence of people and countries resulting in the expanding integration of trade, finance, people, ideas in one global marketplace

Diffusion

The transfer of dispersal of cultural elements from one group of people to other groups of people, spreading out from their points of origin. Will only occur if adoption takes place

Adaption

Alteration or adjustment in response to a changed environment

Glocalisation

The adaption of a global product for a local market-place

Sustainability

Meeting the needs of current and future generations through simultaneous environmental, social and economic adaption and improvement

Shrinking world theory

• Transport technology (Reduced travel time and costs for passengers and goods)

• Telecommunication technology (Information transmitted instantly over greater distances and distributed more wide)

Distance becomes less relevant, and accessibility becomes more relevant. This has aided globalisation in relation to:

• The expansion of world trade

• The diffusion of elements of culture

Advances in shipping

• Sail to steam to modern combustion engine shipping becoming faster and larger

• Roll/on / roll off shippingBulk carriers, container ships

Advances in road transport

• Horse and cart through to modern tucking

Advances in rail

• Steam through to modern freight trains

Advances in air transport

• Small propeller driven through to super jumbo, freight, jet aircraft

Role of containerisation

Road, rail and shipping

Advancements in telecommunications

• Telegraph to telephone to mobile phones

• Computerisation and internet

• The role of social media

• Smart phone applications (apps)

Accessibility

• The extent to which a location, good, serive or information is avaliable to as many people as possible

• Measures how difficult it is to move anything from one place to another:

Containerisation

Transporting of cargo in contianers (that can be in

Time-Space Coverage

The process by which places can be said to become closer to each other as the time taken to travel between them reduces

Comparative Advantage

The ability of an individual, group or country to carry out a particular economic activity (such as making a specific product) more efficiently than another activity

Changes in the spatial distribution of the production and consumption of commodities, goods ad services

• Silk roads

• European Colonialism

• Modern-Day Global Trade

World Ciites

• Centres of global economic and cultural authority

• They are the places where the worlds most important financial and corporate institutions are based and where decisions that ‘drive’ the global economy are made

• They play a globally significant role in the production of knowledge

World Cities: Core

Regions where wealth, power and profits are concentrated

World Cities: Periphery

Regions that lack wealth and power and from which profits are transferred to the core

Economic Importance

• Presence of banking and finance corporations head offices and branches

• Major stock exchanges

• Head offices of transnational organisations

• Centres of particular industries

• Known as powerhouses

Centralisation

• The concentration of an activity in fewer locations and often in larger settlements

Centralisation of global financial activity

• Technical information and money

• Geographical location

Multinational corporations

A corporation that owns or controls the production of goods and/or services in more than one country

Cultural Importance

• Centres of fashion & art

• Performance districts and venues

• Renowne galleries, museums

• Lifestyle

• Cuisine

Sustainability

Meeting the needs of current and future generations through simultaneous environmental, social and economic adaption and improvement

Impacts of globalisation POSITIVE

• Increased consumer choice, cultural intermingling

• Injection of foreign capital into developing nations

• Lower price of goods and services

• Sharing of information may lead to enhancements in sustainable practices

Impacts of globalisation NEGATIVE

• Poor working conditions

• Job losses in some industries

• Lower standards of living for workers in developing countries

• High environmental impacts for places where new factories and manufacturing taking place growth in C02 emissions, air pollution, habitat destruction