OCR Psychology - Perceptual deception

What is depth perception?

The visual ability to see the world in 3D + gauging how far away something is

What is visual perception?

How humans process information that comes via the eyes

What was the sample in Fantz’s study?

30 infants aged 1 - 15 weeks from the USA

What research method did Fantz use?

Laboratory experiment

How was the procedure in Fantz’s study standardised?

Infants were in front of 2 stimuli + researchers measured how long they looked at a particular stimulus (preferential looking technique)

What were the results of Fantz’s study?

Infants prefer complex patterns over simple ones + patterns that resemble human faces

What is a conclusion of Fantz’s study?

Infants have an innate ability to perceive + recognise faces (nature)

What was Campos et al.’s sample?

Infants aged 6 weeks + older infants aged 9 months

What research method did Campos et al. use?

Laboratory experiment

How was the procedure in Campos et al.’s study standardised?

Infants placed on the deep side / shallow side of the visual cliff + their heart rates were monitored

What were the results of Campos et al.’s study?

6 week old infants had decreased heart rates on the deep side of the visual cliff, at 7 months the infants heart rates increased + they showed they were scared by whimpering

What is s conclusion of Campos et al.’s study?

Older infants are more aware of depth + were scared of the visual cliff due to experience (nurture)

What did Bower et al. find?

Babies after a few days since being born would raise their arms + heads as if to defend themselves in response to the closer object (nature)

Why is it difficult to apply Blakemore and Cooper’s findings to humans?

Humans are more complex - differences in perceptual development

What was the aim of Gibson and Walk’s study?

To see whether depth perception is innate in humans + other species

What research method did Gibson and Walk use?

Laboratory experiment (main study)

What was the IV in Gibson and Walk’s study?

Whether the infant was called by its mother from the cliff / shallow side

What was the DV in Gibson and Walk’s study?

whether the child crawled to its mother or not

What experimental design did Gibson and Walk use?

Repeated measures design

What was the sample in Gibson and Walk’s 1st experiment?

36 infants aged 6 - 14 months old from the USA and chicks, turtles, rats, lambs, baby goats + kittens

How was the procedure in Gibson and Walk’s 1st experiment standardised?

Each participant was placed on the centre board, the mother would call from the cliff side then the shallow side

What were the results of Gibson and Walk’s 1st experiment?

9 / 36 infants did not move off the centre board, 3 / 27 crawled over the deep side + many infants crawled away from their mothers / cried when their mother called from the deep side

What is a conclusion of Gibson and Walk’s study?

Depth perception is innate as humans + other animals have developed it by the time they start moving

What can Gibson and Walk’s study not establish?

Whether depth perception is innate - infants were at least 6 months old + able to crawl (lack of internal validity)

What is an extraneous variable in Gibson and Walk’s study?

The mothers facial expressions + tones

What is an application of Gibson and Walk’s study?

Time lines for perceptual development have been created + it can help identify abnormalities

How could using sensory integrative therapy develop perception in young children?

Children with sensory processing issues are exposed to sensory stimulation in a structured + repetitive way

What activities are part of sensory integrative therapy?

Looking, listening + messy play

How could developing form constancy with toys develop perception in young children?

Mobiles can develop babies perception as they move which makes the babies move their limbs and eyes, shape sorters help 2 - 4 year olds to develop size constancy

Why would developing form constancy with toys develop perception in young children?

Newman et al. found 8 year old who played with blocks for 5 thirty minute sessions improved their ability to mentally rotate objects (shape constancy)