exam 3 study pt 4

grounded theory ppt

what is grounded theory

• used to develop a new theory based on the experiences/ data collected from participants rather than testing an existing theory.

ex:How patients adjust after receiving a cancer diagnosis.

• How teachers adapt to online teaching.

• How entrepreneurs build successful businesses.

what are the key features of grounded theory

• Focuses on a process that happens over time.

• Data collection and analysis happen at the same time.

• Researcher constantly compares new data with previous data.

• Researcher writes notes (memos) throughout the study.

• Sampling is based on emerging theory (theoretical sampling).

• Data collection continues until saturation (no new information appears).

what are the two main types of grounded theory

strauss and Corbin approach- structured and uses 3 coding phases

Charmaz- less rigid, more flexible

emphasizes:

• participants' beliefs, multiple realities etc

• Researcher is considered part of the research rather than completely objective.

define open coding, axial coding, and selective coding

open coding- Break data into small parts and identify categories.

axial coding- Connect categories together/ ID core phenomenon

selective coding- develops hypothesis

what are the steps for grounded theory research

1. Decide if theory development is needed.

2. Interview participants.

3. Analyze data while collecting more data.

4. Write memos.

5. Continue until saturation.

6. Develop a theory.

7. Present the theory (often as a model or diagram).

what are the challenges in grounded theory research

• Difficult to know when saturation is reached.

• Researcher must avoid forcing existing theories onto the data.

• Requires constant comparison and extensive analysis.

what is ethnographic research

To describe and understand the shared culture of a group.

ex: beliefs

• values

• language

• traditions

• behaviors

• customs

what are the key features in an ethnographic study

• Studies a culture-sharing group.

• Usually involves 20 or more participants.

• Researcher spends a long time in the field.

• Uses observations, interviews, documents, and artifacts.

• Looks for cultural patterns

what is epic perspective

Participant's point of view.’

• using verbatim quotes

what is etic perspective

researchers perspective

• to develop cultural interpretation

what are the types of ethnography

realist ethnography- traditional, objective, standard categories of cultural description

critical ethnography- Authors advocate for the emancipation of groups marginalized in society

what are the procedures for conducting ethnography

1. determine is ethnography is the most appropriate method

2. identify culture sharing group

3. select cultural themes, issues, or theories abt the group

4. determine type of ethnography

5. gather information in context/setting that the group works/lives

6. generate overall cultural interpretation

7. present patterns in written or performance formats

what are the challenges for ethnographic research

• Takes months or years.

• Researcher may become too involved ("going native").

• Requires understanding of anthropology.

• Writing detailed cultural descriptions is difficult.

what is case study research

A case study is an in-depth investigation of one specific case.

A case may be:

• one person

• one school

• one company

• one hospital

• one event

• one program

what is a bounded case

A bounded case has clear limits.

Examples:

• One school

• One organization

• One classroom

• One community

• One event during 2024

The study focuses only on that defined case.

what are the key features of a case study

• Studies one case or several cases.

• Uses multiple data sources:

  • interviews

  • observations

  • documents

  • reports

  • photos

  • videos

• Produces a detailed description.

• Identifies themes.

• Ends with conclusions called assertions.

what are the types of case studies

single case study- One case studied deep .Ex: One hospital.

multiple case study- Several cases are compared Ex: Three hospitals.

what are the steps for conducting a case study

1. Decide if a case study fits the research problem.

2. Select the case(s).

3. Collect data from multiple sources.

4. Analyze the data.

5. report case study and lessons learned using case assertions in written form

what are the challenges in case study research

• Choosing the right case.

• Defining clear boundaries.

• Managing large amounts of data.

• Ensuring research rigor.

• Multiple-case studies require more time and resources.

memory trick

A simple way to remember them is with the acronym S-E-T-C after Narrative:

• Story → Narrative

• Experience → Phenomenology

• Theory → Grounded Theory

• Culture → Ethnography

• Case → Case Study

• Narrative = Story → One person's life story.

• Phenomenology = Experience → What is it like to experience this?

• Grounded Theory = Theory → How does this process work? Build a theory.

• Ethnography = Culture → How does this group live and interact?

• Case Study = Case → Study one specific person, organization, event, or program in depth.