stm007 modul1-4

Divine Creation Theory

A supernatural being or divine being is the creator of all life on earth.

Abiogenesis Theory

the idea that life arose from non-life more than 3.5 billion years ago on Earth.

Biogenesis Theory

Life can arise from preexisting living things.

Francesco Redi

an Italian naturalist who open challenged the ancient belief of spontaneous generation of maggots on cou decaying meat in 1668.

He believed that maggots could be prevented if flies were not allowed direct contact with the meat.

Lazaro Spallanzani

Disproved John Needham's theory with his experiment. According to his observations, the sealed jar was clear and did not have any growth. He then concluded that air was the

force that was introducing microbes into the flask.

Louis Pasteur

a French microbiologist conducted another broth experiment that settled the question of spontaneous generation once and for all.

He took swan flasks that had twisted necks for the experiment and boiled meat broth in it.

Theory of Catastrophism

each round of catastrophe/creation is

responsible for the evolvement of different types of organisms on Earth.

Cosmozoic Theory

life was descended from other planet where life existed previously.

Theory of Eternity of Life

life has no origin nor an ending.

atom

the fundamental unit of matter

molecules

a chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by one or more chemical bonds.

organelles

molecules form together to build organelles.

• a structure that has a specific function within the cell.

cell

the basic building block of all organisms

eukaryotic cell

contain a nucleus and organelles bound by plasma membranes.

prokaryotic cell

do not have a membrane-bound nucleus or organelles.

tissues

groups of similar cells performing specific functions within an organism

organs

collections of tissues grouped together to perform a common function. It is not only present in animals but also in plants.

organ system

higher level of organization that consists of functionally related organs.

organism

living individual entities, simply defined as any living thing that is composed of various organ systems that function altogether.

population

group of organisms of the SAME species living together within a specific area/habitat.

community

group of organisms composed of DIFFERENT species living together and interacting in a certain area or habitat.

ecosystem

Communities of living organisms interacting with their physical environment.

biomes

Large regions of the world with similar climate, flora, and fauna. Examples include deserts, forests, and tundras.

biosphere

• Highest level of organization

• the global sum of all ecosystems, and it represents the zones of life on Earth which means a part of the planet that is capable of supporting life.

Zacharias Janssen and Hans Janssen 1590's

• put several lenses in a tube

• object near the end of the tube appeared to be greatly enlarged

• in 1590's two Dutch spectacle makers

Robert Hooke 1665

used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork (dead oak tree bark)

• discovered cell

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek 1674

• a Dutch scientist, was the first man to witness a live cell (protozoa) under a microscope.

• Leeuwenhoek described the algae Spirogyra as animalcules "little animals"

• First to observe bacteria

Matthias Jakob Schleiden 1839

German botanist, proposed that structures and morphological features, not processes, give organic life its character.

Theodor Schwann 1839

German botanist, proposed that structures and morphological features, not processes, give organic life its character.

Schleiden and Schwann

proposed the first two principles of cell theory

Rudolf Virchow

published the biogenic law and coined the phrase "omnis cellula e cellular" which means cells originate from cells

lysosomes

contains high levels of degrading (digestive/hydrolytic) enzymes for rapid breakdown of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and, carbohydrates

• suicide bags of the cell

plasma membrane

is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that separates the internal contents of the cell from its surrounding.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

collectively modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids

cytoplasm

entire region between plasma and the nuclear envelope

cytosol

maintains shape to the cell, hold cell organelles and, carry out metabolic processes (glycolysis, cell division, protein synthesis, etc.)

ribosomes

are very essential for PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

PROTEINS help in the production of eneymes, hormones, antibodies, pigments, structural components and, surface receptors

golgi bodies/apparatus

• named after Camillo Golgi (Italian physician)

• sorting, tagging, packaging and, distribution of lipids and proteins destined to leave the cell or for use within the cell

peroxisomes

carries out enzymes which are involved in oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids

oxidative enzymes

• detoxification of harmful compounds that may enter the body ex. hydrogen peroxide (released from oxidation reactions)

mitochondria

"powerhouse" of the cell

• responsible for making ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) - cells' main energy carrying molecule

cytoskeleton

network of protein fibers that:

1. maintain the shape of the cell

2. secure organelles in specific positions

3. allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell

4. enable cells within multicellular organisms to move

microfilaments

for cellular movement

• for crawling and pinching during cell division

intermediate filaments

several strands of fibrous proteis wound together

• function is pure structural: they bear the tension so that organelles stay anchored in place

microtubule

composed of protein TUBULIN

• helps the cell resist compresion, provide a track along which vesicles move through cell

nucleus

"governor" of the cell

• controls all the activities of every organelle inside the cell

• house the genetic material called DNA (contains instructions for the structure and function of all living organisms)

nuclear envelope

outermost portion of the nucleus that separates the nucleus from cytoplam

• phospholipid bilayer

nucleoplasm

semi-solid fluid inside the nucleus

• where we can find the chromatin and the nucleolus

nucleolus

region of intensive synthesis of Ribosomal RNA

cell wall

outermost covering of the plant cell

• made up of CELLULOSE which is a type of carbohydrate

• protects the cell, structural support, gives shape to the cell

chloroplast

-plant cell organelles that carry out PHOTOSYNTHESIS

• contains CHLOROPHYLL (photsynthetic pigment which gives plants their green color)

Photosynthesis

• series of reactions that use CARBON DIOXIDE, WATER and,

LIGHT ENERGY to make their own food in the form of GLUCOSE

autotrophs

ex. Plants

• organisms that have the ability to make their own food

heterotrophs

ex. Animals

• organisms that must ingest food

vacuole

regulates the plant cell's water concentration in constantly changing environmental conditions

ex. not watering plants for a few days

bacteria

single-celled organisms that lack nucleus or any **membrane-bound organelle

coccus

spherical shaped bacteria

bacillus

Rod shaped bacteria

coccobacillus

short round rod, combination of coccus and bacillus

vibrio

comma shaped bacteria

spirillum

spiral shaped bacteria, Campylobacter jejuni

spirochete

spiral shaped bacteria, Leptospira interrogans

stella

star shaped bacteria

cell wall

-gives shape to the cell and surrounds the aytoplasmic

membrane protecting it from the environment

• made up of PEPTIDOGLYCAN (protein-sugar molecule)

capsule

protective covering of the bacteria made up of polysaccharides