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What is Plato's "The Republic" written as?
Dialogues, not essays
Features character "Socrates"
What is the Socratic Method?
Dialogue-based questioning
Goal: Provide definitions through critical thinking
Who does the freed prisoner represent in the historical interpretation?
Socrates
Who do the puppeteers represent in the sociopolitical-economic interpretation?
Government, wealthy/corporations, media, educators, religious leaders, monarchy
What do the shadows on the wall represent?
Ideologies and information consumed
What does the free person do to help the prisoner in the cave?
Inspires personal thought using the Socratic Method
What are Forms according to Plato?
Abstract, eternal, unchanging, singular, ideal
What are the two types of Forms?
Lower Forms: Terrestrial objects
Higher Forms: Beauty, justice, goodness
What is Plato’s criticism of art?
Art is an imperfect copy of an imperfect copy
Moves us away from the Forms
Evokes emotion and prevents critical thinking
Artists pretend to have knowledge
What are the three classes in Plato’s ideal society (Kallipolis)?
Guardians (leaders, teachers)
Auxiliaries (police, soldiers)
Socio-economic class (laborers, artists)
What is the Noble Lie (Myth of the Metals)?
Guardians: Gold
Auxiliaries: Silver
Socio-economic class: Brass/Iron
How does Plato rank government systems?
Timocracy (ruled by glory)
Oligarchy (ruled by wealth)
Democracy (ruled by the unqualified)
Tyranny (ruled by the worst)
What are the three parts of the mind?
Rational (wisdom)
Spirited (courage)
Appetitive (moderation)
What is individual justice according to Plato?
Achieving balance between the three parts of the soul
How does Aristotle differ from Plato regarding Forms?
Aristotle: Forms are material and observable
Plato: Forms are abstract and reason-based
What are Aristotle’s Four Causes?
Material (what something is made of)
Formal (its shape/structure)
Efficient (who/how it is made)
Final (its purpose)
How does Aristotle apply the Four Causes to a coconut tree?
Material: Chemical components
Formal: Tree structure
Efficient: Seed from parent tree
Final: Reproduction (natural), food (human use)
What are Aristotle’s two types of virtues?
Intellectual virtues
Character virtues
Name five intellectual virtues.
Philosophical wisdom
Practical wisdom
Scientific knowledge
Artistic/technical knowledge
Intuitive reasoning
What is Aristotle’s view on achieving eudaimonia?
Requires intellectual and character virtues
Also needs bodily goods and external goods
What is Nominalism?
Denies the existence of universal kinds/types
Our mind creates classifications
What is Empiricism according to Epicurus?
Experience is infallible, mistakes come from judgmen
What is Epicurus’ view on gods?
They exist but do not intervene in human affairs
What are the four principles of Tetrapharmakos?
Don’t fear the gods
Don’t worry about death
What is good is easy to attain
What is terrible is easy to endure
How does Epicurus define Hedonism?
Pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain
What are kinetic vs. static pleasures?
Kinetic: Short-term pleasures (e.g., eating, compliments)
Static: Long-term pleasures (e.g., good health, financial security)
What is ataraxia?
Peace of mind by keeping necessary desires simple and avoiding unnatural desires
Who founded Stoicism?
Zeno of Citium
What are the four steps to achieving knowledge?
Impression (perception)
Assent (choosing belief)
Cognitive experience (evaluating evidence)
Knowledge (true justified belief)
What are the four Stoic virtues?
Wisdom
Temperance
Justice
Courage
What is Stoic determinism?
Everything happens due to necessary causes, no randomness
How do Stoics view happiness?
Controlling expectations and detaching from emotions
What is Descartes' famous statement?
"I think, therefore I am" (Cogito ergo sum)
What are the three foundations of belief?
Perception
Reason
Faith
What is direct vs. indirect realism?
Direct: No barrier between perception and reality
Indirect: A mental representation exists between perception and reality
What is methodological skepticism?
Doubting all beliefs until reaching an indubitable truth
What is Cartesian dualism?
Mind and body are separate substances
What was Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia’s objection to dualism?
If the mind is non-physical, how does it interact with the body?
How did Descartes respond?
Mind and body interact via the pineal gland
What is Hobbes' view on human nature?
People are naturally equal and selfish
What are the three causes of conflict in the state of nature?
Competition
Distrust
Glory
What is the Leviathan?
The powerful sovereign needed to prevent chaos
What is Hobbes’ view on social contracts?
People trade freedom for security under a strong ruler
What are Hobbes' three types of power?
Wealth
Knowledge
Honor