Wmmw, Midterm

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44 Terms

1
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What is Plato's "The Republic" written as?

  • Dialogues, not essays

  • Features character "Socrates"

2
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What is the Socratic Method?

  • Dialogue-based questioning

  • Goal: Provide definitions through critical thinking

3
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Who does the freed prisoner represent in the historical interpretation?

Socrates

4
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Who do the puppeteers represent in the sociopolitical-economic interpretation?

Government, wealthy/corporations, media, educators, religious leaders, monarchy

5
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What do the shadows on the wall represent?

Ideologies and information consumed

6
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What does the free person do to help the prisoner in the cave?

Inspires personal thought using the Socratic Method

7
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What are Forms according to Plato?

Abstract, eternal, unchanging, singular, ideal

8
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What are the two types of Forms?

  • Lower Forms: Terrestrial objects

  • Higher Forms: Beauty, justice, goodness

9
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What is Plato’s criticism of art?

  • Art is an imperfect copy of an imperfect copy

  • Moves us away from the Forms

  • Evokes emotion and prevents critical thinking

  • Artists pretend to have knowledge

10
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What are the three classes in Plato’s ideal society (Kallipolis)?

  • Guardians (leaders, teachers)

  • Auxiliaries (police, soldiers)

  • Socio-economic class (laborers, artists)

11
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What is the Noble Lie (Myth of the Metals)?

  • Guardians: Gold

  • Auxiliaries: Silver

  • Socio-economic class: Brass/Iron

12
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How does Plato rank government systems?

  • Timocracy (ruled by glory)

  • Oligarchy (ruled by wealth)

  • Democracy (ruled by the unqualified)

  • Tyranny (ruled by the worst)

13
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What are the three parts of the mind?

  • Rational (wisdom)

  • Spirited (courage)

  • Appetitive (moderation)

14
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What is individual justice according to Plato?

Achieving balance between the three parts of the soul

15
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How does Aristotle differ from Plato regarding Forms?

  • Aristotle: Forms are material and observable

  • Plato: Forms are abstract and reason-based

16
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What are Aristotle’s Four Causes?

  • Material (what something is made of)

  • Formal (its shape/structure)

  • Efficient (who/how it is made)

  • Final (its purpose)

17
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How does Aristotle apply the Four Causes to a coconut tree?

  • Material: Chemical components

  • Formal: Tree structure

  • Efficient: Seed from parent tree

  • Final: Reproduction (natural), food (human use)

18
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What are Aristotle’s two types of virtues?

  • Intellectual virtues

  • Character virtues

19
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Name five intellectual virtues.

  • Philosophical wisdom

  • Practical wisdom

  • Scientific knowledge

  • Artistic/technical knowledge

  • Intuitive reasoning

20
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What is Aristotle’s view on achieving eudaimonia?

  • Requires intellectual and character virtues

  • Also needs bodily goods and external goods

21
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What is Nominalism?

  • Denies the existence of universal kinds/types

  • Our mind creates classifications

22
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What is Empiricism according to Epicurus?

Experience is infallible, mistakes come from judgmen

23
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What is Epicurus’ view on gods?

They exist but do not intervene in human affairs

24
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What are the four principles of Tetrapharmakos?

  • Don’t fear the gods

  • Don’t worry about death

  • What is good is easy to attain

  • What is terrible is easy to endure

25
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How does Epicurus define Hedonism?

Pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain

26
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What are kinetic vs. static pleasures?

  • Kinetic: Short-term pleasures (e.g., eating, compliments)

  • Static: Long-term pleasures (e.g., good health, financial security)

27
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What is ataraxia?

Peace of mind by keeping necessary desires simple and avoiding unnatural desires

28
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Who founded Stoicism?

Zeno of Citium

29
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What are the four steps to achieving knowledge?

  • Impression (perception)

  • Assent (choosing belief)

  • Cognitive experience (evaluating evidence)

  • Knowledge (true justified belief)

30
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What are the four Stoic virtues?

  • Wisdom

  • Temperance

  • Justice

  • Courage

31
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What is Stoic determinism?

Everything happens due to necessary causes, no randomness

32
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How do Stoics view happiness?

Controlling expectations and detaching from emotions

33
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What is Descartes' famous statement?

"I think, therefore I am" (Cogito ergo sum)

34
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What are the three foundations of belief?

  • Perception

  • Reason

  • Faith

35
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What is direct vs. indirect realism?

  • Direct: No barrier between perception and reality

  • Indirect: A mental representation exists between perception and reality

36
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What is methodological skepticism?

Doubting all beliefs until reaching an indubitable truth

37
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What is Cartesian dualism?

Mind and body are separate substances

38
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What was Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia’s objection to dualism?

If the mind is non-physical, how does it interact with the body?

39
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How did Descartes respond?

Mind and body interact via the pineal gland

40
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What is Hobbes' view on human nature?

People are naturally equal and selfish

41
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What are the three causes of conflict in the state of nature?

  • Competition

  • Distrust

  • Glory

42
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What is the Leviathan?

The powerful sovereign needed to prevent chaos

43
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What is Hobbes’ view on social contracts?

People trade freedom for security under a strong ruler

44
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What are Hobbes' three types of power?

  • Wealth

  • Knowledge

  • Honor