PEAT #3

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering key concepts from the cardiovascular, pulmonary, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems, as well as clinical assessments and therapies.

What happens during hyperventilation and its effects on PaCO₂?

Hyperventilation increases the rate/depth of breathing, leading to decreased PaCO₂, which causes respiratory alkalosis, dizziness, and tingling.

What are the symptoms and consequences of hypoventilation?

Hypoventilation decreases the rate/depth of breathing, resulting in increased PaCO₂, respiratory acidosis, confusion, and lethargy.

What is the purpose of the capillary refill test and how is it conducted?

Press the nail bed until it blanches, then release; normal refill is ≤ 2 seconds; delayed refill indicates poor perfusion.

What is the recommended technique for coughing after CABG or sternotomy?

Use 'splinted coughing' by hugging a pillow or folded blanket against the sternum to reduce pain and protect the incision.

What is the normal heart rate response during physical activity?

The heart rate should increase proportionally with activity workload; an abnormal response would include tachycardia or no increase in heart rate.

Describe the technique to promote diaphragmatic contraction. What position is recommended?

In the semi-Fowler’s position, apply gentle resistance on the abdomen while instructing 'sniffing' or 'belly breathing'.

Where is the most accurate site to measure the apical pulse?

The apical pulse is measured at the 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line.

What indicates a positive vertebral artery test?

Positive findings include dizziness, nystagmus, and visual disturbances, suggesting vertebrobasilar insufficiency.

List three pulse sites and their specific uses. What is a preferred pulse site for irregular rhythms?

Temporal, carotid (quick access), and radial; apical pulse is preferred for accuracy in irregular rhythms.

What breathing abilities are present in a C6 SCI, and what interventions are beneficial?

The diaphragm is intact with weak intercostals and abdominals; interventions include assisted cough, incentive spirometry, and respiratory muscle training.

What exercises should be avoided after an MCL injury during the acute phase?

Avoid valgus stress and lateral movements.

How does immobilization affect collagen and tissue integrity over time?

During immobilization, collagen synthesis decreases, leads to disorganized fibers and tensile strength loss, and after 6 weeks, permanent changes can occur without progressive loading.

What does the scapulohumeral rhythm of 2:1 signify?

It indicates that for every 2 degrees of glenohumeral abduction, there is 1 degree of scapular upward rotation.

What are the signs of exaggerated lordosis with anterior pelvic tilt, and what muscles need strengthening?

Signs include weak abdominals and glutes; strengthen rectus abdominis and gluteus maximus.

What are the symptoms associated with ankylosing spondylitis?

Symptoms include chronic inflammation leading to 'bamboo spine,' morning stiffness, increased kyphosis, and decreased lung expansion.

What precautions should be taken during hip internal/external rotation goniometry?

Stabilize the pelvis while avoiding hip hiking, trunk leaning, or lifting the opposite thigh.

What are indicators for skin care independence assessment?

Using the Braden scale and Functional Independence Measure (FIM) to observe a patient's skin care and pressure relief ability.

What is the clinical significance of the myotome testing from C1-S2?

Myotomes correspond to specific neurological function in the spine related to movement and strength assessments.

What distinguishes Cushing's from Addison's disease based on symptoms?

Cushing's presents with hypercortisol symptoms like moon face and proximal muscle weakness, while Addison's shows hypocortisol symptoms such as fatigue and low blood pressure.

What are the general intervals for normal urination frequency?

Normal urination frequency is 6-8 times within 24 hours, at intervals of every 2-5 hours.

What is the significance of avoiding aggressive PROM in CRPS management?

Aggressive passive range of motion can exacerbate pain; gentle, graded exposure is necessary.

What length of time indicates persistent pediatric reflexes as a sign of neuro dysfunction?

Persistence beyond the typical age ranges (e.g., Moro reflex at 5 months) may indicate neuro dysfunction.

What is the standard grading scale for Deep Tendon Reflexes (DTRs)?

DTRs are graded on a scale from 0 to 4+: 0 (absent), 1+ (diminished), 2+ (normal), 3+ (brisk), 4+ (hyperactive with clonus).

What are common abnormal lung sounds and what might they indicate?

Crackles (fluid in small airways), Wheezes (narrowed airways), Rhonchi (secretion in large airways), Stridor (upper airway obstruction), Pleural friction rub (inflamed pleura).

What are the current adult classifications for normal, elevated, and hypertensive blood pressure?

Normal: <120/80 mmHg; Elevated: 120-129/<80 mmHg; Hypertension Stage 1: 130-139/80-89 mmHg; Hypertension Stage 2: \ge 140/\ge 90 \text{ mmHg} .

What are the three main phases of wound healing?

Inflammation (0-6 days), Proliferation (3-20 days), and Maturation (21 days to 2 years).

How many cranial nerves are there, and what is their general function?

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that primarily control sensory and motor functions of the head and neck, some also control visceral functions.

Differentiate between isometric, concentric, and eccentric muscle contractions.

Isometric: tension without length change; Concentric: muscle shortens with tension; Eccentric: muscle lengthens with tension.

What assessment tool is used to evaluate a patient's level of consciousness, and what are its three components?

The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) evaluates eye opening, verbal response, and motor response.

What is the purpose of Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) and Range of Motion (ROM) assessment?

MMT assesses muscle strength on a 0-5 scale; ROM measures joint flexibility and movement limits.

How is pitting edema typically graded?

Pitting edema is graded on a scale of 1+ to 4+: 1+ (slight indentation), 2+ (slight indentation, returns in

What documentation must be included for skilled therapy according to professional responsibilities?

Documentation must demonstrate the necessity for skilled analysis, progression, & modifications in patient care.