outline the main causes of ocean currents…
prevailing winds blowing steadily across sea
dominant pattern of currents being clockwise in northern hemisphere & anticlockwise in Southern Hemisphere
effect of rotation of earth cause water in oceans to push westward, piling up water on western edge of ocean basins
return flow occurs as narrow fast-flowing currents
explain the main causes of ocean acidification…
oceans acidity increases when ocean absorbs more co2
as more co2 produced from the Industrial Age, the more co2 is absrorbed by oceans lowering the ph resulting in more acidic water
beleived main causes is anthropogenic eg. carbon emissions from industrial plants, cars, planes etc
outline the main impacts of ocean acidification on coral reefs…
ocean acidity increases, more coral reefs damaged or killed off
reduction in calcification and other calcifying organisms
causes slower growth & weaker skeletons
explain the influence of ocean currents on energy transfers…
warm currents move water away from equator
cold ocean currents move water away from cold regions towards equator
eg. Gulf Stream transports 55 million m3 per second which warms western europe waters
north atlantic drift raises temps of nroth west, europe
labrador current reduces summer temps
eastern oceans experience upwelling where ocean currents move cold water, rich nutreints from ocean floor to the surface
what is El Niño?
el nino: normal conditions are reversed, SST’s of over 28 degrees extend further across the pacific
low pressures develop over eastern pacific & high pressures over the west causing heavy rainfall in west over south america
western pacific eg indonesia experience warm, dry conditions
benefits US, less hurricanes & decreased storm activity
can be dangerous for indonesia as prolonged drought affects coffee production, forest fires, carbon release, spread disease
what is La Niña?
intensification of normal conditions
strong easterly winds push upwelling water off coast of south america into western pacific
intermittent cold current flows from east over equitorial pacific ocean
impacts are not as severe as el nino but linked with unusual rainfall paters in Sahel ou
outline main economic impacts of El Niño events…
causes drought for longer periods of time affecting crop growth eg. coffee, oil palm & hydroelectric production
decrease in production cause decline in indonesian economy as fail to meet normal standards
warmer temps risk reductions in Indian soya bean harvests, wheat in Australia & rice in china o
outline main factors needed for development of tropical cyclone…
intense low pressure systems over tropical oceans
sea temp at 26.5-27 degrees, depth 60m
low pressure area has to be far enough from equator so coriolis force creates rotation into risin air mass
unstable conditions so air continues to rise
identify main hazards associated with tropical cyclones/ hurricanes…
storm surges with hurricanes: abnormal rise of water generated by storm
heavy rainfall & flooding with cyclones: hold huge amounts of moisture which cools when it rises & condenses into heavy rain
flooding: storm losing strength as travels across land but continues to release masses of rain into streams, rivers, lakes & on land
explain how oceans may be a source and sink of carbon…
sink: contains phytoplankton & other microscopic marine algae whihc absorbs 25% co2 emissions
turns co2 into organic carbon whihc settles into deep ocean
upper ocean has lower concentrations of co2 but if deep sea mixes with surface water the carbon could be churned upwards then becomes a source of carbon
what is thermocline?
temp decreases
what is halo cline?
salinity decreases
what is pcynocline?
density increases
how is freshwater seperated from sea water?
as sea water evaporates, salt remains behind, fresh water transferred from coean to atmosphere
region of excess evaporation eg. subtropics tends to become salty while areas of rainfall becomes fresher
sea ice formation removes freshwater from ocean, leaving behind more saline solution
when does el nino phase start?
when trade winds die down or reverse direction allowing warm surface waters to more eastward
associated convection produces rain clouds over Peruvian & chilean coast
what causes ENSO?
sheer scale of pacific ocean
planetory scale equitorial waves take time to corss pacific & ocean adjusts to wind variations slowly