FINISHED endocrine system (Chapter 20)

tropic horomones

stimuluate other glands to secrete other horomones

thyroid stimulating horomone

causes release of thyroid horomone from thyroid gland. secreted from anterior pituitary gland.

adrenocorticotropic horomone

causes release of corticosteroids by adrenal cortex. secreted by anterior pituitary gland.

gonadotropins

follicle-stimulating horomone and lutenizing horomone. excreted by anterior pituitary gland

what do gonadotropins do in women

regulate ovarian development and secretion of estrogene and progesterone

what do gonadotropins do in men

sperm development and secretion of testosterone

prolactin

causes milk production, mammary gland growth. secreted by anterior pituitary gland

melanocyte-stimulating horomone

stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin, influencing skin pigmentation

growth hormone (GH)

causes liver to secrete insulin like growth factors 1 and 2, GH and IGFs function synergistically to stimulate cell growth and division. secreted by anterior pituitary gland

hypothallamus

the control center of endocrine system

oxytocn

milk letdown

antidiuretic horomone (ADH)

targets kidney, makes you retain more water. secreted by hypothalamus

the hypothalamus produces

oxytocin and antidiuertic

anterior to trachea

position of thyroid gland

inferior to thyroid cartilage of larynx

positon of thyroid gland

isthmus

connects left and right lobes of throid

thyroid horomone

increases cellular activity (Metabolism) in cells. secreted by thyroid gland

calcitonin

encourages deposition of calcium from bloodstrem into bone tissue. secreted from thyroid gland

hyperthyroidism

overactive thyroid. hot, thin

hypothyroidism

underactive thyroid. cold, overweight

goiter

an enlargement of the thyroid gland.

impact of iodine on thyroid

expothalmos

protruding eye, caused by hyperthyroidism

adrenal gland location

superiod to kidney, retroperitoneal (behind the peritoneum), embedded in fat and fascia

adrenal medulla

releases epinephrine and norepinephrine when stimulated sympathetically

>25 corticosteroids

adrenal cortex

2 regions of adrenal glands

adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

mineralcorticoids

regulate electrolyte level. aldosterone fosters Na+ retention and K+ secretion

glucocorticoids

regulate blood sugar, cortisol increases blood sugar

horomones of adrenal cortex

mineralocoticoids and glucocorticoids and gonadocorticoids

gonadocorticoids

sex horomones (androgens in men, estrogen in women)

location of pancreas

posterior to stomach, between duodenum and spleen

pancreas does

endocrine and exocrine functions

acinar cells

generate exocrine secretions for digestion

pancreatic islets

contian clusters of endocrine cells

cells of pancreas

acinar cells and pancreatic islets

alpha cells

secrete glucagon (increase blood sugar)

beta cells

release insulin (decrease blood sugar)

pineal gland secretion

melatonin

melatonin

causes drowsiness and regulates circadean rythm

epithalamus of diencephalon

where is the pineal gland located

parathyroid glands

small structures on posterior surface of thyroid gland, producesbparathyroid horomone

parathyroid horomone

increases blood calcium’s (increases calcium entering blood stream, decreases loss in urine) excreted by PARATHYROID GLAND

ovaries produce

estrogen and progesterone

testes produce

androgens (specifically testosterone)

what are endocrine glands

ductless glands that synthesize and secrete horomones

target cell

cell with specific receptor for a horomone

main differences between endocrine and nervous system

endocrine transmits horomones through blood, targets any cells with correct receptors, and has longer lasting effects

ligand

chemical messages that bind to cellular receptor on target cell. released by the endocrine and nervous systems.

main functions of endocrine system

regulate development, growth, and metabolism. maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume. control digestive processes. control reproductive activities

homeostasis

state of constancy of conditions within body

sensor

receives feedback from enviromental conditions and effector, and sends to controller

oxytocin

released by posterior pituitary gland, stimulates milk ejection from the breast

insulin

secreted by pancreas, decreases blood sugar levels

glucagon

lowers blood sugar. secreted by pancreas

corticosteroids

released by adrenal cortex, release is triggered by adrenocorticotropic horomone

epinephrine

released from adrenal medulla

norepinephrine

released from adrenal medulla

negative feedback

changes in condition lead to a response from an effector that counteracts changes

positive feedback

change in condition leads to response from effector which amplifies that chang

milk release during breast feeeding

example of a positive feedback loop

insulin in blood glucose regulation

example of negative feedback loop

epithelial tissue

endocrine glands contain

hypothalamus

secretes regulatory horomones that control the release of anterior pituitary horomones

hypothalamus

where are oxytocin and antidiueretic horomone produced

posterior pituitary gland

where are oxytocin and antidiuretic horomone stored and released from

housed in sella turcica, connected to hypothalamus by infundibulum

location of the pituitary gland

anterior and posterior lobes

two major parts of the pituitary gland

superior to kidney, retroperitoneal, embedded in fat and fascia

location of the adrenal gland

releasing horomones

secreted by hypothallamus, stimulate the syntehsis and secretion of 1+ horomones

inhibiting horomones

secreted by hypothalamus, prevent the synthesis and secretion of 1+ hormones