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What is hemoglobin?

The oxygen carrying protein in our blood

How does oxygen get to the mitocondria?

Through blood

How does oxygen get in the blood?

It takes oxygen from the lungs and spreads it throughout the body

Where specifically does hemoglobin carry oxygen to within the cells?

to myoglobin

What is myoglobin?

red pigment that stores oxygen

What makes up hemoglobin?

a chain of 4 heme groups

What are the 4 heme groups of hemoglobin of adults?

2 alpha and 2 beta

What are the 4 heme groups of hemoglobin of juveniles?

2 alpha and 2 gamma

What is heme?

A group at atoms that was an ion in the center and can hold 1 oxygen molecule and 1 iron molecule

What makes up myoglobin?

one polypeptide chain and one heme group

What is true of the life cycle of heme?

They get recycled and used to make more heme later on

What does myoglobin do?

stores oxygen in tissues cells for later use because the mitochondria can't store oxygen

How often do blood cells get recycled?

Every 90 days

What happens if you don't have enough iron in your body/blood?

You can't make Heme

What is the cardiovascular development of fetuses?

6-10 weeks after conception

What is true about fetuses blood?

It has the genes of its parents blood

What would happen if the mother and fetuses blood were to mix?

The mothers body would see the fetuses blood as a foreign body and attack it

What is a gamma heme?

A heme that has a high affinity for oxygen

At what point does a gamma heme turn into a beta heme?

Once the baby is born

What is the purpose of fetuses hemoglobin having a high oxygen affinity gamma for oxygen?

So it can take up oxygen from the beta heme groups of the mother

How many oxygen can hemoglobin take up?

4 oxygen molecules per hemoglobin group

watch video on oxygen equilibrium to understand the process of loading oxygen

What is cooperative binding?

The increasing ease with which hemoglobin binds its second and third oxygen molecules

What is non-cooperative binding?

There is no change in the ease of hemoglobin binding oxygen molecules (seen in myoglobin because it only can load 1 oxygen)

What is the Bohr effect?

The regulation of hemoglobin binding by hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide

The affinity of oxygen decreases as either pH decreases or CO2 partial pressure increases

How does the pH of the body change?

As muscles are used and glycolysis occurs

Why does pH affect oxygen binding in hemoglobin?

As the pH of muscles decreases

Why/When would we see an increase in CO2 partial pressure in the body?

When the muscles metabolize

Due to more CO2

hemoglobin molecules will give up a O molecules to tissues with higher CO2 levels to balance them out

Besides Co2 and pH

what other factors affect oxygen affinity?

Why does temperature affect oxygen affinity?

When your muscles are moving

What happens when blood oxygen levels fall?

EPO (Erythropoietin) gets secreted to increase the production of red blood cells

When blood starts at a high O2 partial pressure

the partial pressure must ___ in order for 5ml of O2 to be released from 100mL of blood

What is oxygen unloading?

The release of oxygen into the tissues

What happens when you have a reduction of oxygen affinity?

The unloading of oxygen (partial pressure) is enhanced

There will be an increase in the likelihood of the hemoglobin releasing oxygen

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

left and right atrium

Where does the heart pump blood to?

The lungs

What is the system that pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

The pulmonary system

Why does the heart pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

To get oxygenated

What is the system that pumps oxygenated blood from the heart to the bodies tissues?

The systemic system

What are arteries?

Vessels that take blood AWAY from the heart

What are veins?

Vessels that bring blood BACK to the heart

What are atrioventricular valves (AV valve)?

AKA bicuspid valves

The valves in between the atriums and ventricles that open when the atriums fill with blood (senses this via pressure) and close when the pressure of the atriums drop in order to prevent blood from shooting back up the pulmonic veins

Which side of the heart is responsible for deoxygenated blood?

Right

What is the function of the aortic valve?

When the pressure of the left ventricle increases

prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle

What is the function of the pulmonary valve?

Same as the Aortic valve but on the right side

Opens when it senses pressure of the right ventricle to allow blood to flow out via the vena cava through the pulmonary system to the lungs

What is isovolumetric contraction?

When the ventricle contracts but nothing goes in or out

Volume remains the same but there is contraction happening

What is ventricular ejection?

Ejection of blood from the ventricles

What is isovolumetric relaxation?

When both valves are closed and there is no contraction occuring

What is ventricular filling?

AV valves open and blood flows into the ventricles from the atria

What are the 3 peaks of an ECG?

P peak

What is the P peak of an ECG?

Corresponds to atrial systole and depolarization

What is atrial systole?

Contraction of the atria

What is the QRS peak of an ECG?

The 'R' corresponds to the closure of the AV valve and the increase in blood pressure

What is the T peak of an ECG?

Corresponds to the time it takes the heart to "reset" and ventricular repolarization

Study the chart on the ECG and blood pressure

etc.

What is the conducting system?

A system of specialized cardiac muscle cells

What is fibrous connective tissue of the heart?

The connective tissues that separate the atria and ventricles that prevents signals that are being sent to either ventricles or atria from affecting the other chamber

What is the sinoatrial node?

The node of the heart that tells it when to beat

Where is the sinoatrial node?

On the right atrial wall

How does the signal travel from the sinoatrial node?

Since there is no fibrinous connective tissue between the left and right atria

Other nodes connected to the right atrium travel to the ventricles which allow those to also contract at the same time (not the same time as the atria though)

What does the activation of the SA node lead to?

The first signal initiated from the SA node initiates the process of depolarization of the artia. This depolarization travels via the bundle branches into the ventricles

What are the driving forces of blood flow?

Potential energy from the pressure of the heart

What is the lymphatic system?

the network of vessels through which lymph drains from the tissues into the blood.

An open system

part of the circulatory and immune system

What makes up the lymphatic system?

The primary and secondary lymphoid organs

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

Bone marrow and the thymus

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

The spleen and lymph nodes

What is the function of bone marrow?

Allows for T-cell production and B-cell maturation

What is the function of the thymus?

Allows for T-cell maturation

What is the function of the spleen?

Produces antibodies

What is the function of the lymph nodes

Allows for the organization of lymphoid tissues

What is the relationship between the lymphatic system and cancer?

The lymphatic system provides a way for cancer to spread systemically throughout the body

What is stage 1 lymphoid cancer?

the cancer is contained in a single lymph node

What is stage 2 lymphoid cancer?

Cancer is contained in multiple lymph nodes on one side of the diaphragm

What is stage 3 lymphoid cancer?

Cancer is only contained in the lymph nodes themselves

What is stage 4 lymphoid cancer?

Cancer is location in the liver and spleen

What is stage 5 lymphoid cancer?

Cancer is in the bone marrow

What are microbiota?

The range of microbes you have in your body

What is a microbiome?

Complete collection of microorganisms and their genes within a particular environment

What is the importance of microbes in the digestive system?

The greater diversity of microbiota you have

You have different microbes in your digestive system based on what you eat

How much of the bodies cells are microbes?

10%

What type of eaters are canids?

Omnivores

What is true of the oral cavity of canids?

Their saliva has no amylase

What is amylase?

An enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates

What is the function of teeth in dogs?

The first location of [mechanical] breakdown of food

How long does food stay within the canid stomach?

12 hours

What happens within the stomach of a canid?

Ingesta is [chemically] broken down and absorbed

Highly acidic

proteins are digested here

What happens within the small intestine of a canid?

Food is digested in the duodenum