EVERYTHING FOR HGAP

the overall doc simal sent me for everything you need to know

Reference Maps

Designed for general information about places; includes political and physical maps.

Thematic Maps

Used to communicate how human activities are distributed.

Cartogram

A type of thematic map that distorts size of areas based on a variable.

Choropleth Map

A thematic map where areas are shaded based on a data variable.

Dot Density Map

A thematic map that uses dots to represent a frequency of a phenomenon.

Isoline Map

A thematic map that uses continuous lines to represent equal values.

Proportional Symbol Map

A thematic map that uses symbols of varying size to show the magnitude of a phenomenon.

Absolute Location

The precise spot where something is located.

Relative Location

Where something is in relation to other things.

Clustering

Spatial pattern where items are grouped or bunched together.

Dispersal

Spatial pattern where items are spread out over a wide area.

Elevation

The height of land in relation to sea level.

Map Projections

Different ways to represent the spherical Earth on a flat map, causing various distortions.

Mercator Projection

A cylindrical map projection where shape and direction are accurate, but size is distorted near poles.

Robinson Projection

A map projection that attempts to minimize distortion across all categories.

Gall-Peters Projection

An equal-area map projection that accurately portrays land size, but distorts shapes.

Geospatial Data

Information related to physical features and human activities on Earth.

Geographic Information System (GIS)

A computer system that captures, stores, checks, and displays geographic data.

GPS

Geographic Positioning System that uses satellites to determine location.

Remote Sensing

The acquisition of data about the Earth's surface from satellites or aerial imagery.

Census Data

An official count of individuals in a population.

Spatial Interaction

The way space is utilized to connect different locations and entities.

Space

The extent of an area that can be understood in both relative and absolute terms.

Place

Specific characteristics that define a location and make it unique.

Distance Decay

The diminishing effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions.

Time-Space Compression

The phenomenon that explains the shrinking time distances between places due to technology.

Pattern

The geometric or regular arrangement of something in an area.

Sustainability

Meeting present needs while ensuring resources for future generations.

Natural Resources

Materials from the Earth that are valuable to humans.

Environmental Determinism

The theory that the physical environment shapes the social development of humans.

Possibilism

The principle that humans can adapt to and modify their environment.

Scale

The relationship between a distance on the ground and a distance on a map.

Formal Region

A region defined by measurable, quantifiable data, like governmental boundaries.

Functional Region

A region defined by a central node or focal point.

Vernacular Region

A region defined by perception or popular feelings rather than formal boundaries.

Ecumene

The habitable areas of Earth where people reside.

Arithmetic Density

Total objects per unit area.

Physiological Density

Number of people per unit of arable land.

Agricultural Density

Ratio of farmers to arable land.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size an environment can sustain.

Overpopulation

When an area's resources cannot support its population.

Population Pyramid

A graphic representation of a population's age and sex distribution.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of live births per 1000 people in a population.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths per 1000 people in a population.

Doubling Time

The period it takes for a population to double in size.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births.

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The difference between birth rate and death rate, expressed as a percentage.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman is expected to have in her reproductive years.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model that describes the transition of a society from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.

Malthusian Theory

The theory that population grows faster than food supply, leading to inevitable famine.

Antinatalist Policies

Policies designed to limit population growth.

Pronatalist Policies

Policies encouraging higher birth rates.

Asylum Seeker

A person seeking refuge in another country due to persecution.

Chain Migration

Migration process where migrants follow others from similarly located areas.

Step Migration

Migration that occurs in stages, rather than all at once.

Refugee

A person forced to flee their home country.

Guest Worker

An immigrant allowed to work in another country temporarily.

Transhumance

The seasonal movement of livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures.

Voluntary Migration

The movement of individuals based on the desire for better living conditions.

Political Impact

The effects of migration on the political landscape, like brain drain.

Cultural Impact

The effects of migration on cultural identity, diversity, and languages.

Economic Impact

The influence of migration on local and national economies.

Cultural Relativism

Evaluating a culture by its own standards.

Ethnocentrism

Judging other cultures based on one's own culture.

Taboo

A practice that is prohibited or restricted by social norms.

Cultural Landscapes

The visible imprint of human activity on the land.

Indigenous People

Original inhabitants of a region, distinct from the dominant culture.

Sense of Place

The emotional attachment and meaning people associate with a location.

Language Family

A collection of languages related through descent from a common ancestor.

Dialect

Variations of a language specific to a particular region or group.

Globalization

Increased interconnectedness among various cultures, economies, and politics.

Cultural Convergence

Different cultures become more alike as they share ideas and traits.

Cultural Divergence

The process by which cultures become more dissimilar.

Acculturation

The adoption of cultural traits from another culture.

Assimilation

The process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnicity are absorbed into the dominant culture.

Multiculturalism

The presence of multiple cultures in a society, valued and preserved without losing identity.

Syncretism

The blending of different beliefs and practices.

State

A political unit with defined boundaries and a permanent population.

Nation

A group of people with a common culture and identity.

Nation-State

A state that is primarily associated with a single nation.

Stateless Nation

A cultural or ethnic group without a state to call their own.

Autonomous Region

Area with self-governance that is not fully independent.

Sovereignty

The authority of a state to govern itself.

Self-Determination

The right of people to decide their own political status.

Devolution

The transfer of power from a central government to regional governments.

Choke Point

A narrow route or passage, controlling transport.

Neocolonialism

Economic control of one country over another, bypassing formal colonial ties.

Shatterbelt

Regions caught between external powers, often fragmented.

Boundary

A line that marks the limits of jurisdiction.

Geometric Boundary

A boundary defined by straight lines.

Cultural Boundary

A boundary based on cultural practices.

Relic Boundary

A boundary that no longer functions as a border but has remnants in place.

Superimposed Boundary

A boundary imposed by an external force without regards to cultural or ethnic groups.

Subsequent Boundary

A boundary evolving as cultural and social changes occur.

Antecedent Boundary

A boundary that exists before human settlement.

Consequent Boundary

A boundary that coincides with cultural groups.

Demilitarized Zone

A region where military forces are not allowed to operate.

UNCLOS

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, establishing maritime boundaries.

Territorial Sea

Waters extending 12 miles from the coast, under national jurisdiction.

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

Area 200 miles offshore where a state has rights to exploration and resources.