Ap Unit 6 Terms

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Adolescent Fertility Rate

Number of births per 1,000 women ages 15 to 19

Cooperative Store

A member-owned, member-governed business that operates for the benefit of its members according to common principles agreed upon by the international cooperative community

Developed Country

A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development

Developing Country

A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of development

Development

A process of improvement in the conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology

Fair Trade

An alternative to international trade that provides greater equality to workers, small businesses, and consumers, focusing primarily on products exported from developing countries to developed countries

Female Labour Force Participation Rate

The percentage of women holding full-time jobs outside the home

Foreign Direct Investment

Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country

Gender-Related Development Index

An indicator used by the UN to measure the gender gap in the level of achievement in terms of income, education of life expectancy

Gender Inequality Index

An indicator constructed by the UN to measure the extent of each country’s gender equality in terms of reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market

Gross Domestic Product

The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, not accounting for the money that leaves and enters the country

Gross National Income

The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that enters and leaves the country

Human Development Index

An indicator constructed by the UN to measure the level of development of a country through a combination of income, education, and life expectancy

Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Index

A modification of the HDI to account for inequality

Literacy Rate

The percentage of a country’s people who can read and write

Maternal Mortality Rate

The annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes)

Microfinance

Provision of small loans and financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries

Millennium Development Goals

Eight goals adopted by the UN in 2002 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by 2015

Primary Sector

The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of minerals from Earth, generally through agriculture

Productivity

The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labour needed to make it

Pupil-Teacher Ratio

The number of enrolled students divided by the number of teachers

Purchasing Power Parity

The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country

Secondary Sector

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming,and assembling raw materials

Structural Adjustment Program

Economic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions international trade

Sustainable Development Goals

Seventeen goals adopted by the UN in 2015 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by 2030

Tertiary Sector

The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment

Value Added

The gross value of a product minus the costs of raw materials and energy

Acid Deposition

The accumulation of acid on the Earth’s surface

Acid Precipitation

Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog

Active Solar Energy

Solar radiation captured with photovoltaic cells that convert light energy to electrical energy

Air Pollution

Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air

Animate Power

Power supplied by animals or people

Biomass Fuel

Fuel derived from wood, plant material, or animal waste

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

The amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution

Break-of-Bulk Point

A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another

Bulk-Gaining Industry

An industry in which the final product weighs more than or comprises a greater volume than the inputs

Bulk-Reducing Industry

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs

Chlorofluorocarbon

A gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams in fire extinguishers

Consumptive Water Usage

The use of water that evaporates rather than being returned to nature as a liquid

Cottage Industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than factories, most common prior to the industrial revolution

Fission

The splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy

Fossil Fuel

An energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago

Fusion

Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium

Geothermal Energy

Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks

Greenhouse Effect

The anticipated increase in Earth’s temperature caused by carbon dioxide (emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface

Just-In-Time Delivery

Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed

Labour-Intensive Industry

An industry for which labour costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses

Maquiladora

A factory built by a US company in Mexico near the US border, to take advantage of the much lower labour costs in Mexico

New International Division of Labour

Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less-skilled workers, from developed to less developed countries

Non Consumptive Water Usage

The use of water that is returned to nature as liquid

Nonpoint Source Pollution

Pollution that comes from a large, diffuse area

Nonrenewable Energy

A source of energy that has a finite supply capable of being exhausted

Outsourcing

A decision by a corporation to turn over much responsibility for production to independent suppliers

Ozone

A gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation and is found in the stratosphere, a zone 15 to 20 kilometers (9-30 miles) above Earth’s surface

Passive Solar Energy Systems

Solar energy systems that collect energy without the use of mechanical devices

Photochemical Smog

An atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions

Point Source Pollution

Pollution that enters a body of water from a specific source

Pollution

Concentration of waste added to air, water, or land at a greater level than occurs in average air, water, and land

Post-Fordist Production

Adoption by companies of flexible work roles, such as the allocation of of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks

Potential Reserve

The amount of a resource of deposits not yet identified but thought to exist

Proven Preserve

The amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits

Recycling

The separation, collection, processing, marketing and reuse of unwanted material

Remanufacturing

The rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused, repaired and new parts

Renewable Energy

A resource that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by people

Right-To-Work Law

A US law that prevents a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join the union as a condition of employment

Sanitary Landfill

A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage every day to reduce emissions of odors and gasses from the decaying trash, minimize fires, and to discourage vermin

Site Factors

Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant, such as land, labor, and capital

Situation Factors

Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory

Vertical Integration

An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process