A member-owned, member-governed business that operates for the benefit of its members according to common principles agreed upon by the international cooperative community
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Developed Country
A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development
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Developing Country
A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of development
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Development
A process of improvement in the conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology
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Fair Trade
An alternative to international trade that provides greater equality to workers, small businesses, and consumers, focusing primarily on products exported from developing countries to developed countries
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Female Labour Force Participation Rate
The percentage of women holding full-time jobs outside the home
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Foreign Direct Investment
Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country
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Gender-Related Development Index
An indicator used by the UN to measure the gender gap in the level of achievement in terms of income, education of life expectancy
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Gender Inequality Index
An indicator constructed by the UN to measure the extent of each country’s gender equality in terms of reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market
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Gross Domestic Product
The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, not accounting for the money that leaves and enters the country
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Gross National Income
The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that enters and leaves the country
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Human Development Index
An indicator constructed by the UN to measure the level of development of a country through a combination of income, education, and life expectancy
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Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Index
A modification of the HDI to account for inequality
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Literacy Rate
The percentage of a country’s people who can read and write
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Maternal Mortality Rate
The annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes)
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Microfinance
Provision of small loans and financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries
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Millennium Development Goals
Eight goals adopted by the UN in 2002 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by 2015
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Primary Sector
The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of minerals from Earth, generally through agriculture
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Productivity
The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labour needed to make it
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Pupil-Teacher Ratio
The number of enrolled students divided by the number of teachers
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Purchasing Power Parity
The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country
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Secondary Sector
The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming,and assembling raw materials
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Structural Adjustment Program
Economic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions international trade
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Sustainable Development Goals
Seventeen goals adopted by the UN in 2015 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by 2030
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Tertiary Sector
The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment
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Value Added
The gross value of a product minus the costs of raw materials and energy
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Acid Deposition
The accumulation of acid on the Earth’s surface
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Acid Precipitation
Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog
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Active Solar Energy
Solar radiation captured with photovoltaic cells that convert light energy to electrical energy
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Air Pollution
Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air
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Animate Power
Power supplied by animals or people
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Biomass Fuel
Fuel derived from wood, plant material, or animal waste
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Biochemical Oxygen Demand
The amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution
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Break-of-Bulk Point
A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another
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Bulk-Gaining Industry
An industry in which the final product weighs more than or comprises a greater volume than the inputs
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Bulk-Reducing Industry
An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs
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Chlorofluorocarbon
A gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams in fire extinguishers
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Consumptive Water Usage
The use of water that evaporates rather than being returned to nature as a liquid
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Cottage Industry
Manufacturing based in homes rather than factories, most common prior to the industrial revolution
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Fission
The splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy
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Fossil Fuel
An energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago
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Fusion
Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium
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Geothermal Energy
Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks
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Greenhouse Effect
The anticipated increase in Earth’s temperature caused by carbon dioxide (emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface
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Just-In-Time Delivery
Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed
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Labour-Intensive Industry
An industry for which labour costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses
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Maquiladora
A factory built by a US company in Mexico near the US border, to take advantage of the much lower labour costs in Mexico
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New International Division of Labour
Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less-skilled workers, from developed to less developed countries
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Non Consumptive Water Usage
The use of water that is returned to nature as liquid
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Nonpoint Source Pollution
Pollution that comes from a large, diffuse area
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Nonrenewable Energy
A source of energy that has a finite supply capable of being exhausted
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Outsourcing
A decision by a corporation to turn over much responsibility for production to independent suppliers
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Ozone
A gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation and is found in the stratosphere, a zone 15 to 20 kilometers (9-30 miles) above Earth’s surface
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Passive Solar Energy Systems
Solar energy systems that collect energy without the use of mechanical devices
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Photochemical Smog
An atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions
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Point Source Pollution
Pollution that enters a body of water from a specific source
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Pollution
Concentration of waste added to air, water, or land at a greater level than occurs in average air, water, and land
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Post-Fordist Production
Adoption by companies of flexible work roles, such as the allocation of of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks
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Potential Reserve
The amount of a resource of deposits not yet identified but thought to exist
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Proven Preserve
The amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits
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Recycling
The separation, collection, processing, marketing and reuse of unwanted material
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Remanufacturing
The rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused, repaired and new parts
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Renewable Energy
A resource that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by people
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Right-To-Work Law
A US law that prevents a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join the union as a condition of employment
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Sanitary Landfill
A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage every day to reduce emissions of odors and gasses from the decaying trash, minimize fires, and to discourage vermin
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Site Factors
Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant, such as land, labor, and capital
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Situation Factors
Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory
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Vertical Integration
An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process
Studied by 20 people
