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Binary
A way of representing information using only two options.
Decimal
A way of representing information using ten options.
Bit
A contraction of 'Binary Digit'; the single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as a 0 or 1.
Byte
8 bits.
Overflow Error
Error from attempting to represent a number that is too large.
Round-off Error
Error from attempting to represent a number that is too precise; the value is rounded.
Analog Data
Data with values that change continuously, or smoothly, over time.
Digital Data
Data that changes discretely through a finite set of possible values.
Sampling
A process for creating a digital representation of analog data by measuring the analog data at regular intervals called samples.
Lossless Compression
A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something without losing any information, which is reversible.
Lossy Compression
A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something in which some information is lost or thrown away; this process is not reversible.
Intellectual Property
A work or invention that is the result of creativity, to which one has rights and may apply for a patent, copyright, trademark, etc.
Creative Commons
A collection of public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work.
Computing Device
A machine that can run a program, including computers, tablets, servers, routers, and smart sensors.
Computing System
A group of computing devices and programs working together for a common purpose.
Computing Network
A group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data.
Path
The series of connections between computing devices on a network starting with a sender and ending with a receiver.
Bandwidth
The maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time, usually measured in bits per second.
Protocol
An agreed-upon set of rules that specify the behavior of some system.
IP Address
The unique number assigned to each device on the Internet.
Internet Protocol (IP)
A protocol for sending data across the Internet that assigns unique numbers (IP addresses) to each connected device.
Router
A type of computer that forwards data across a network.
Packet
A chunk of data sent over a network, where larger messages are divided into packets.
Redundancy
The inclusion of extra components so that a system can continue to work even if individual components fail.
Fault Tolerant
Can continue to function even in the event of individual component failures.
HTTP
HyperText Transfer Protocol - the protocol used for transmitting web pages over the Internet.
Domain Name System (DNS)
The system responsible for translating domain names into IP addresses.
Internet
A computer network consisting of interconnected networks that use standardized communication protocols.
World Wide Web
A system of linked pages, programs, and files.
Digital Divide
Differing access to computing devices and the Internet, based on various characteristics.
User Interface
The inputs and outputs that allow a user to interact with a piece of software.
Input
Data sent to a computer for processing by a program.
Output
Any data sent from a program to a device.
Program Statement
A command or instruction, often referred to as a code statement.
Program
A collection of program statements that run one command at a time.
Sequential Programming
Program statements that run in order, from top to bottom.
Event Driven Programming
Program statements that run when triggered by an event.
Documentation
A written description of how a command or piece of code works or was developed.
Comment
A form of program documentation written into the program that does not affect how a program runs.
Pair Programming
A collaborative programming style where two programmers switch roles.
Debugging
Finding and fixing problems in an algorithm or program.
Development process
The steps or phases used to create a piece of software.
Event
Associated with an action and supplies input data to a program.
Expression
A combination of operators and values that evaluates to a single value.
Assignment Operator
Allows a program to change the value represented by a variable.
Variable
A named reference to a value that can be used repeatedly throughout a program.
String
An ordered sequence of characters.
Boolean Value
A data type that is either true or false.
Comparison Operators
Logical operator
Operators like NOT, AND, and OR, which evaluate to a Boolean value.
Conditional Statement
A statement that executes based on the value of a Boolean expression.
Function
A named group of programming instructions.
Function Call
A command that executes the code within a function.
Metadata
Data about data.
Citizen Science
Scientific research conducted by individuals contributing data to research.
Cleaning Data
A process that makes the data uniform without changing its meaning.
Correlation
A relationship between two pieces of data.
Crowdsourcing
The practice of obtaining input or information from a large number of people via the Internet.
Information
The collection of facts and patterns extracted from data.
Data bias
Data that does not accurately reflect the full population being studied.
Data filtering
Choosing a smaller subset of a data set for analysis.
List
An ordered collection of elements.
Element
An individual value in a list that is assigned a unique index.
Index
A method for referencing the elements in a list or string using numbers.
Data abstraction
Manage complexity in programs by giving a collection of data a name without specifics.
