Multiple Choice

📍 Hierarchy of Evidence & Research Types

Which type of research represents the highest level of evidence?
A. Narrative review
B. Case study
C. Meta-analysis
D. Quasi-experimental study

C

Which research type is considered secondary research?
A. Randomized control trial
B. Systematic review
C. Case study
D. Single-subject design

B

Which type of research collects new data directly from participants?
A. Primary research
B. Secondary research
C. Expert opinion
D. Literature synthesis

A

Which design allows researchers to determine cause and effect with random assignment?
A. Case report
B. Randomized controlled trial
C. Single-subject design
D. Qualitative study

B

📍 Single-Subject Designs (SSDs)

In SSDs, a baseline phase must include:
A. One observation
B. No measurement
C. At least three stable data points
D. Only standardized assessments

C

The purpose of a control task in SSDs is to:
A. Provide additional treatment
B. Measure behaviors expected NOT to change
C. Randomize participants
D. Replace standardized measures

B

A design that includes withdrawal of treatment (A-B-A) is known as:
A. Multiple baseline design
B. Reversal design
C. Independent groups design
D. Longitudinal analysis

B

A design that delivers treatment to one behavior or setting at a time while leaving others in baseline is:
A. ABAB alternating treatment design
B. Multiple baseline design
C. Cross-sectional design
D. Post-only design

B

📍 Experimental & Quasi-Experimental Concepts

A defining feature of a quasi-experimental design is:
A. Lack of an independent variable
B. No attempt to infer cause
C. No random assignment
D. Always qualitative

C

The independent variable (IV) is:
A. The variable being measured for change
B. The variable manipulated by the researcher
C. A nuisance variable
D. Always numeric

B

The purpose of randomization is to:
A. Increase sample size
B. Control nuisance variables
C. Ensure the study is qualitative
D. Guarantee treatment effectiveness

B

A control group is used to:
A. Train researchers
B. Compare outcomes against treatment conditions
C. Replace experimental groups
D. Avoid statistical testing

B

📍 Meta-Analysis & Systematic Review Concepts

A meta-analysis differs from a systematic review because it:
A. Uses expert opinion only
B. Includes narrative summaries only
C. Calculates pooled effect sizes across studies
D. Excludes statistical analysis

C

Cohen’s effect size (d) value of 0.8 or higher indicates a:
A. Small effect
B. Medium effect
C. Large effect
D. No effect

C

A major limitation of meta-analysis is:
A. It cannot include multiple studies
B. It may exclude unpublished negative results
C. It does not allow standardized criteria
D. It never becomes outdated

B

📍 Qualitative Research Concepts

Which feature best describes qualitative research?
A. Uses only numeric data
B. Focuses on controlled variables
C. Explores experiences and context
D. Requires randomization

C

In qualitative research, the participant is considered:
A. The expert on the experience
B. A passive subject
C. Only a data source
D. Independent variable

A

A method commonly used in qualitative research is:
A. T-testing
B. ANOVA
C. Focus groups or interviews
D. Random assignment

C

📍 Validity, Reliability & Variables

Internal validity refers to:
A. How well results generalize to new conditions
B. Whether the study measured what it intended to
C. Whether outcomes are repeatable across researchers
D. The study’s truthfulness in ruling out other causes

D

External validity is best described as:
A. Control over nuisance variables
B. Ability to generalize findings beyond the study
C. Consistency of measurement
D. Manipulation of the independent variable

B

A measure that yields consistent results across time is:
A. Sensitive
B. Reliable
C. Subjective
D. Uncontrolled

B

📍 Hypothesis & Statistics

The null hypothesis states:
A. The treatment will cause change
B. There is no difference or effect
C. All participants will improve
D. Results cannot be tested statistically

B

A Type I error occurs when a researcher:
A. Accepts a true null
B. Rejects a false null
C. Rejects a true null (false positive)
D. Accepts a true alternative hypothesis

C

A p-value of ≤ .05 indicates:
A. No change occurred
B. High likelihood results occurred by chance
C. Results are statistically significant
D. The study is qualitative

C