CD 444: Exam 3

For students in CD 444: Aural Rehab at the University of Alabama

Auditory Processing Disorder (APD)

An error where the sound is transmitted between the brainstem and cerebrum

What are some known causes of an APD?

• Head trauma

• Neurotransmitter delays in the central auditory processing system

• Degenerative diseases

• Exposure to neurotoxic substances

• Brain tumors

• Seizure disorders

• Age

• Chronic ear infections

What are some APD symptoms?

• Trouble with sound localizationi

• Auditory discrimination difficulty

• Trouble with rhyming

• Difficulty understanding speech in the presence of noise

• Difficulty understanding degraded speech

• Trouble following rhythm/melody of music

• Poor auditory memory

• Trouble following directions

Who diagnoses an APD?

Audiologists

What are the prerequisites for an APD eval?

• 7 to 8 years old

• Primary language is English

• Completed speech-language evaluation

• Completed cognitive evaluation

• If ADHD has been diagnosed, was medication recommended? Is it being taken?

Dichotic Listening

The ability to process different auditory signals that are presented at the same time to both ears

Auditory Temporal Processing and Patterning

The ability to process changes in non-linguistic patterns, non-linguistic tones, and inter-aural timing and intensity differences

Temporal ordering/sequencing

The ability to perceive the order of acoustic events

Temporal resolution

The ability to perceive changes in speech spectra awareness

Monaural Low-Redundancy Speech

The ability to understand the whole message when the auditory signal is less clear

Auditory Closure

The ability to understand the whole message when part is missing

Auditory Working Memory

The ability to hear oral information, store it in memory, and then recall and manipulate that information

What are some formal home interventions for an APD?

• Aucoustic pioneer

• CAPDOTS

• Speechreading

• Language and literacy therapy

What are the three categories of ALDs?

• FM/DM

• Infrared

• Bluetooth

What are some benefits of a listening system?

• Reduces loss of intensity over a distance

• Reduces effects of reverberation

• Improve signal-to-noise ratio

What is the process of user-worn listening devices?

Microphone → Transmitter → Receiver → Listener

Boot Receiver

A boot to personal hearing aids that receives an FM singal

Contained Personal System

A device that is a combination of a behind-the-ear hearing aid and FM system in one unit

Identification

Designing and implementing a hearing screening and identification program

Does every state require a hearing screening in schools?

No

What is the goal of a hearing screening?

High sensitivity rate and high specificity rate

Assessment

Determining the type and degree of the child’s hearing loss, as well as the educational effects of a hearing loss in the classroom

Habilitation

Providing support to students with hearing loss

Individualized Education Plan (IEP)

A document that contains a commitment of resources necessary to enable a child with a disability to receive needed special education and related services; funded by the DoEdu

504 Plan

A document for children not eligible for special education and related services under IDEA; enforced by the OCR

Who is part of the multi-disciplinary team for a child with hearing loss/deaf child?

• Audiologist

• Speech-language pathologist

• School personnel (teacher, psychologist, itenerate teacher, resource room teacher)

• Parents

Hearing Loss Prevention

Creating awareness about NIHL that is age appropriate and encouraging teachers to prevent it as well

Counseling and Guidance

Dealing with self-concept issues and understanding things like overt information and subtle cues in conversation

Literacy

Learning and proficiency in reading, writing, and using numbers throughout life and is part of a larger set of skills (digital skills, media literacy, education, job-specific skills)

Are language and literacy connected?

Yes

Prereading Stage (<6 years old)

Development of skills in the areas of language, visual processes, and cognitive process as a result of maturation and mediated experiences

Early Reading Stage (Grades 1-2)

Development of word identification skills using phonics, visual analysis, and structural analysis

Fluency Stage (Grades 2-3)

Development of automatic word identification and comprehension skills mastered at the previous stage

Reading to Learn Stage (Grades 4-8)

Development of literal, inferential, and evaluative comprehension skills of expository text

Advanced Reading Stage (Grades 9+)

Development of word comprehension skills of words not in the students’ vocabulary

Adult Literacy Stage

Continuous development of vocabulary and comprehension skills adapted to the changing literacy demands of our society

Reading Comprehension

A combination of word recognition and language comprehension

Phonemic Awareness

Awareness of individual speech sounds

Phonics

Relationship between letter and the sounds they represent, making connections to apply alphabetic principle to decode and encode

Fluency

Fluid and automatic letter/word recognition with sufficient rate accuracy, and prosody to support comprehension

Vocabulary

Understanding the meaning of word parts and whole words

Comprehension

Ability to understand oral and written language as a whole

Phoneme

The smallest unit of sound in a word

Grapheme

The letters in a word that represents the sound

Trigraph

A combination of 3 letters representing one sound

Bigraph

A combination of 2 letters representing one sound

Blending

The act of smoothly joining together sounds to read a word

Segmenting

The act of breaking up a word into the individual sounds

Print Concept Knowledge

The concept that written language has a purpose and a specific arrangement and that it maps to spoken language

Alphabetic Knowledge

The concept that letters are used to represent individual phonemes in the spoken word