Foreign economy: trade & exploration

The main centre of African trade was…

Guinea/West Africa

West Africa became the starting point for..

John Hawkins’ move into the Americas who in the process invented the English slave trade

How many expeditions did Hawkins go on?

three

when was Hawkins' first expedition in the slave trade?

1562

where Hawkins’ expeditions in the slave trade successful?

his first two expeditions were financially successful & profitable although he irritated the Spanish in the process

By 1564 Hawkins…

secured investment from prominent courtiers (e.g. the Earl of Leicester) and the Queen who supplied ships

what did Hawkins bring back from the Americas?

gold, silver & animal skins 

what happened on Hawkins’ third expedition in the slave trade?

failed when Hawkins’ fleet was blockaded into the Mexican port of San Juan de Ulua although some of the gold did get back to England. Hawkins’ activities antagonised further the already strained Anglo-Spanish relations.

what trading companies were established under Elizabeth?

the Muscovy company, the Eastland company, the Levant company, the East India company

when was the Muscovy company founded

1555

where did the Muscovy company trade

Russia & Northern Europe

how successful were the Muscovy company?

It failed in the long-term to compete with the Dutch

when was the Eastland set up?

1579

where did the Eastland company trade?

the Baltic

how successful was the Eastland company

it had a limited effect

when was the Levant company founded

1592

where did the Levant company trade

the Ottoman empire

what did the Levant company trade in

traded English cloth for raw silk, but also exported some lead and tin and imported carpets

how successful was the Levant company?

it was successful in its attempts to trade with the Ottoman Empire

when was the East India company established?

1600

where did the East India company trade?

Asia

how successful was the East India Company

it had less investment compared with the Dutch East India Company and found it difficult to compete in the short-term

…% of England’s exports to the Baltic.

Cloth made up 75

Cloth made up 75% of England’s exports to the…

Baltic

Trade with West Africa was undertaken by the…

Barbary company & African company

what did the Barbary company trade?

English cloth for Moroccan sugar

what were the crown’s motives?

to maintain & increase its customs revenues & support its merchant class politically & financially

new trading companies would revive…

backing from Elizabeth as a private financier & she would expect to make profitable returns on her investment

Despite the …., 74% of all imports still came from the Netherlands, the HRE & Spain.

establishment of these new trade routes

Despite the establishment of these new trade routes…

74% of all imports still came from the Netherlands, the HRE & Spain

The English maritime enterprise was…

more concerned with illegal trade in the New World than with legal trade in the east

The value of internal trade…that of foreign trade

considerably exceeded

The biggest singular development in internal trade was…

the growth in the shipping of coal from the Tyne to the Thames to meet the growing demands of the London market

Some coal was…

exported across the North Sea, including a readily developing trade with France

Some attempts were made to encourage the establishment of new industries in England by…

attracting foreign craftsmen

there were few..in shipping

technical advancements

England had gained the reputation of…

being a sea-faring nation that was developing its trade links in different parts of the world

what did it mean that there was a wider range of luxury goods imported during Elizabeth’s reign?

goods were becoming affordable for a wider range of the population

what is evidence for goods becoming more affordable for the rest of the population?

A wider range of luxury goods came to be imported during Elizabeth’s reign

In 1588 trade was dominated by…

the London-Antwerp cloth trade

the London-Antwerp cloth trade accounted for …% of all exports

75

the London-Antwerp cloth trade brought in customs duties of…

between £35,000-£50,000 a year

As early as 1564 following the establishment of a trade embargo, Cecil argued for…

a reduction in the number of luxury imports & the diversification of the cloth market

What happened with the cloth trade with the Netherlands?

it remained important however it declined relatively as part of the economy

The Antwerp cloth market declined from…

the early 1550s

what did Cecil do in response to the collapse of the cloth trade?

Cecil ended the dependence on a singular market as alternative trade was developed based on the north German port of Emden & Amsterdam

Amsterdam’s commercial growth came at the expense of…

Antwerp which remained under Spanish control

The Merchants Adventures transferred the cloth trade from Antwerp to…

Emden, Hambert , Stade & Milberg

The main changes to English trading patterns were…

the moving of the main markets for English wool

where did the main markets of English wool move to?

from the south to north Netherlands & increased trade with the Ottoman Empire

compared to other foreign powers…

Elizabethan trade remained minor & was behind in its exploitation of trading opportunities

what did it mean that clashes with Spain intensified?

accelerated the search for new foreign trading partners

English exports were…

expanded & a wide range of foreign goods began to enter the country

By the end of Elizabeth’s reign trading companies…

remained modest organisations

Overland trading expeditions under Anthony Jenkinson…

travelled through Russia to Asia

The Muscovy Trading company exported…

cloth, lead, tin, food & pewter & imported cables, cordage, tallow, wax and furs

trade to Russia & Asia was worth an estimated…

£25,000 per year`

From 1573 onwards, taking advantage of a dispute between Venice & the Ottoman Empire…

English ships began importing luxuries such as silk, spices and oils from the Mediterranean 

In 1572 Drake’s went to…

Panama

In 1572, Drake’s expedition to Panama gained…

£40,000 worth of Spanish silver

what did Drake do in his 1577 voyage?

captured the Cacafuego, a Spanish treasure ship carrying £140,000 of treasure & returned to English with an estimated £400,000 worth of treasure captured during attacks in the South American coasts. He also signed a trade treaty with the Sultan of Ternate

Drake’s adventures elicited…

vigorous formal protests from Spain

Exploration assumed…

little importance at the time but was greater in significance in the light of developing trade to the mainland of North America & the attempt to form a colony in Virginia

The suggestion that England should colonise America originated with…

explorer Humphrey Gilbert & was encouraged by Richard Hakluyt in ‘A Discourse of Western Planting’ published in 1584

The colonisation of America was seen as an…

outlet for some of England’s surplus population

why was Virginia thought to be an ideal place for a colony?

it was believed to have an inexhaustible supply of wine, oil, sugar & flax which might reduce England's dependence on Europe

Raleigh…to colonise Virginia

gained the support of a number of prominent investors e.g. Sir Francis Walsingham & in 1585 received from the queen a patent

what happened with the colonisation of Virginia?

Two expeditions made land on Roanoke Island but attempts at colonisation were disastrous (poor organisation, ill luck & reluctance by Elizabeth to give the matter priority during war with Spain). The Virginia voyages are credited with introducing tobacco to England in 1588.

what happened with Hawkins in 1567?

sailed on The Jesus of Lubeck. The expedition was nearly a total failure with Hawkins just escaping capture by the Spanish Viceroy of Mexico

In 1553 Willoughby & Chancellor…

crossed the Arctic Ocean & travelled overland to Moscow in one of the first attempts to find the North-East Passage to Asia & from 1558, overland trading expeditions under Anthony Jenkinson travelled through Russia to Asia

The growing domestic demand for…drove men to find the North-West Passage to Asia.

luxury goods such as sugar and spices, which generated high profits

England had successfully challenged the claim by Spain & Portugal that…

all the newly discovered lands were automatically theirs

Frobisher sailed north of Canada and discovered…

what he named the Frobisher Strait

In 1572—73 Francis Drake led an expedition which…

succeeded in capturing Spanish silver at Nombre de Dios

when did Drake circumnavigate the globe?

1577-1580

how successful was Drake’s circumnavigation?

intended to sail up west coast of North America to try to find where a route to China via the north of the American continent would emerge, but failed. His voyage dented Spain’s reputation on the seas whilst bolstering English.

In 1585-87, John Davis…

found nothing of commercial value, but made a valuable contribution to the mapping of the Arctic

Sailors thought wealth lay in…

India

in 1583 Newbery & Fitch made…

a famous overland journey to India. They reached Portuguese Goa & visited the court of the Great Mogul, Akbar

In 1591 Lancaster…

successfully sailed around Africa & reached the East Indies, capturing two Portuguese ships

why did exploration increase?

new technology, expansion of trade, increased experience, new ideas/knowledge, spread religion/culture, to make money

how did new technology increase exploration?

Ships were becoming more advanced - the English learnt from the Portuguese & Spanish how to build large Galleons & smaller Caravels. They also started using triangular sails which allowed ships to travel faster & further and carry more. New equipment such as more accurate maps, astrolabes & scientific discoveries how to navigate more accurately with a compass meant longer journeys became easier & safer.

how did expansion of trade in the Americas increase exploration?

Spain was becoming richer from gold & silver from the Americas. English sailors such as John Hawkins & Francis Drake traded with the new territories even though they were not permitted to by the Spanish.

how did a need for expansion of trade because of a collapse in the cloth trade lead to increased exploration?

Before 1550, 75% of English trade was exporting cotton to Europe, when this trade collapsed, merchants needed to find new trade routes; for example, sailors tried to find new routes to America, and wanted to trade with Russia, North Africa, India & the Muslim world.

how did increased experience increase exploration?

English seamen were well trained & many had lots of experience in sailing - they were also often used to smuggling & piracy.

how did new ideas/knowledge lead to increased exploration?

The spread of Renaissance ideas meant people were now curious to learn more about the world. Books such as Richard Hakluyt’s ‘The Principle Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation’ were published which made people more interested in finding out whether there was a route across the Atlantic which would take them directly to China or India.

how did the desire to spread religion/culture lead to increased exploration?

The Elizabethans were confident in their superiority over other groups & thought it was their duty to teach the ‘savages’ they met how to be civilised. The Spanish had been spreading Catholicism with the blessing of the Pope. The English wanted to make sure that they stopped the spread of the Catholic faith by making people Protestant.

how did the desire to make money lead to increased exploration?

Wealthy people were willing to invest in voyages whose aim was to attack Spanish ships & steal their cargos of gold and silver - they did this because they wanted to get rich quickly.