biology 20 & 23

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25 Terms

1
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What is the structure of a virus composed of?

An outer capsid made of protein subunits and a nucleic acid core made of either DNA or RNA.

2
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What occurs during the lytic cycle of bacteriophages?

The release of new viruses lyses (ruptures) the host cell.

3
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What characterizes the lysogenic cycle of bacteriophages?

Viral DNA inserts into the host cell chromosome, does not actively replicate, and may later trigger re-entry into the lytic cycle.

4
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What is the life cycle of a retrovirus?

Viral RNA enters the cell, is used to make DNA, which inserts into the host chromosome; new viral RNA and capsids are produced by the host cell and released by budding.

5
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Describe conjugation in gene transfer among bacteria.

Two bacteria are temporarily linked, allowing a donor cell to pass DNA to a recipient cell in the form of a plasmid.

6
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What is transformation in bacterial gene transfer?

It occurs when a cell picks up free pieces of DNA from live or dead prokaryotes.

7
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What is transduction in bacteria?

Bacteriophages carry portions of DNA from one bacterial cell to another.

8
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What is the primary difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

Autotrophs make their own food, while heterotrophs rely on other organisms for food.

9
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List and describe the three main shapes of bacteria.

Spirilli: spiral-shaped; Bacilli: rod-shaped; Cocci: round or spherical.

10
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What is alternation of generations in plants?

Two multicellular individuals alternate, where a diploid sporophyte produces haploid spores that develop into haploid gametophytes, which then produce gametes to form a diploid zygote.

11
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What are sepals in a complete flower?

They protect the bud before it opens and are collectively called the calyx.

12
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What are petals in a complete flower?

Colored leaflets that constitute the corolla.

13
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What is the function of stamens in a flower?

They are the male parts consisting of filaments and anthers where pollen is produced.

14
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What are carpel parts in a flower?

The female parts including the stigma, stalk, and ovary.

15
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What defines a complete flower?

A complete flower has all four parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.

16
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List the characteristics of all plants.

Multicellular, eukaryotes, usually specialized tissues, photosynthesizers adapted to land, with an alternation-of-generations life cycle, and sessile.

17
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What is the definition of fruit in the context of plants?

A covering for a seed derived from an ovary.

18
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What is an archegonium?

The female gametangia that produces eggs.

19
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What is an antheridium?

The male gametangia that produces sperm.

20
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What plants are bryophytes

Mosses

21
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What plants are seedless vascular plants

Ferns

22
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What plants are gmnosperms

Cone bearing plants

23
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What plants are angiosperms

Flowering plants

24
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List the characteristics of all plants

Multicellular, eukaryotes, usually specialized tissues, photosynthesizers that became adapted to living on land, alternation-of-generation life cycle, sessile

25
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Define Fruit

A covering got a seed derived from an ovary