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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

The theory that language imposes a structure on our way of thinking, leading to different worldviews.

High Context Cultures

Cultures where subtle message content and non-verbal cues are very important; countries include China, India, Japan, and Korea.

Low Context Cultures

Cultures where overt message content is prioritized, often ignoring non-verbal cues; countries include Australia, Germany, Russia, and the USA.

Mid-Range Context Cultures

Cultures that use both verbal and non-verbal communication in tandem; countries include Brazil, Canada, France, Morocco, and Nigeria.

Communication Formalities

Rules that govern social interactions, including who speaks first, how conversations end, and how ideas are presented.

Communication Protocols

Guidelines for social interactions covering apologies, disagreements, emotional displays, feedback, and making requests.

Interruptions and Silence

Cultural attitudes toward interrupting others during conversation and the acceptability of periods of silence.

Vocal Characteristics

Cultural preferences regarding the speed and volume of speech during communication.

Western Logic of Leadership

A strategic approach that involves delineating an action plan based on agreed-upon objectives, often employing a hierarchical arrangement of means and ends.

Eastern Logic of Leadership

A process-oriented method that emphasizes the evolution of leadership styles, incorporating cultural elements like Chinese logic of exploitation and principles from Sun Tzu.

Self-Protective Leadership

A leadership style focused on safeguarding the self and organization, prevalent across multiple regions.

Team-Oriented Leadership

A leadership approach that fosters collaboration and teamwork, common in various global contexts.

Charismatic Leadership

A leadership style characterized by inspirational qualities and personal charm, recognized across different cultures.

Formal Institutions

Established laws, regulations, rules, and regulatory frameworks that govern a country’s operations.

Informal Institutions

Cultural norms and ethics that influence behavior and societal expectations within a country.

Legal Systems

Structures that outline how a country’s laws are enacted and enforced, including civil law, common law, and theocratic law.

Political Systems

Frameworks defining how a country is governed, including democracy, totalitarianism, and political risk factors.

Economic Systems

Structures determining how a country’s economy operates, such as market economy, command economy, and mixed economy.

Intellectual Property

Legal protections for copyrights, trademarks, and patents that safeguard intellectual resources.

Tangible Resources

Observable and easily quantified assets that a firm uses to implement strategies.

Intangible Resources

Hard-to-observe and difficult-to-quantify assets that contribute to a firm's competitive advantage.

Original Brand Manufacturers

Firms that manufacture products based on their own designs and sell them under their own brand.

Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs)

Firms that manufacture products according to designs provided by other companies, often selling them under the client's brand.

Value Chain

A series of activities that increase the value of a product or service during its production.

Key Activities in the Value Chain

Crucial processes involved in adding value, such as sourcing raw materials, production, marketing, and distribution.