Pediatrics Exam 1 - Growth and Development Stages

What is the cognitive development stage for infants from birth to 1 year according to Piaget?

Sensorimotor Stage

What key milestone indicates an infant's understanding that objects continue to exist even when unseen?

Object Permanence

What cognitive milestone involves infants beginning to copy behaviors and sounds?

Imitation

How do infants learn about the world during the sensorimotor stage?

Through sensory exploration involving taste, touch, sight, sound, and smell, as well as motor activities.

What language development occurs by 12 months in infants?

Progression from cooing and babbling to saying their first identifiable word.

What psychosocial development stage do infants experience according to Erikson?

Trust vs. Mistrust

What is a key milestone in the Trust vs. Mistrust stage?

Developing a sense of security when basic needs are consistently met by caregivers.

What emotional expressions do infants display during the first year?

Basic emotions such as joy, sadness, and anger.

What social interaction behavior is typical for infants around 5-9 months?

Stranger anxiety.

What type of play do infants engage in during the first year?

Sensorimotor and exploratory play, with peer play being observational.

What is the moral development stage for infants according to Kohlberg?

Obedience/Punishment Orientation (Preconventional Level).

How do infants understand right and wrong during the Obedience/Punishment stage?

They have no real concept of right and wrong, guided solely by avoiding punishment.

What do infants need from caregivers to understand positive and negative actions?

Help in identifying positive and negative actions.

What is the recommended nutrition for infants from birth to 6 months?

Breast milk or fortified formula with Vitamin D; no water or solid foods.

What should be introduced to an infant's diet between 6 to 12 months?

Continue breast milk/formula, introduce water and nutrient-dense solid foods such as pureed vegetables, fruits, cooked pureed meats, and fortified cereals.

Why should water be avoided before 6 months of age?

Water can interfere with nutritional intake.

What developmental readiness signs indicate an infant can start solid foods?

Head held steady and absence of the tongue-thrust reflex.

How many hours of sleep do infants need from 0-3 months?

12−17 hours in short bursts.

What is the sleep duration for infants aged 4-6 months?

12−16 hours in longer bursts.

What is the recommended sleep duration for infants aged 6-12 months?

11−15 hours, with multiple naps.

What are the safety guidelines for placing infants to sleep?

Place infants on their back to sleep without toys or blankets, in their own crib, and avoid co-sleeping.

What are the key components of a safe sleep environment for infants?

On back, no bedding, pillows, toys, in own crib, no co-sleeping.

What are the car seat safety requirements for infants?

Every ride must be in an approved, properly installed car seat that is rear-facing and in the back seat.

When can children transition to a forward-facing car seat?

Based on their height and weight, not age, which varies by car seat style and manufacturer.

What general safety practices should be followed for infants?

Avoid loud, crowded environments and wash hands frequently, especially before feeding.

What are the key milestones in cognitive development during toddlerhood according to Piaget?

Trial-and-Error, Deferred Imitation, Symbolic Thought, Egocentric Thinking, and rapid language expansion.

What is the significance of Trial-and-Error in toddler cognitive development?

It allows toddlers to discover properties of objects through experimentation, acting like 'little scientists'.

What does Deferred Imitation indicate in a toddler's cognitive development?

It shows that toddlers can imitate actions from memory.

What is Symbolic Thought in the context of toddler cognitive development?

It refers to the use of words, images, and pretend play to represent ideas.

What is Egocentric Thinking in toddlers?

It is the inability to see the viewpoint of others.

How does language development progress in toddlers?

Vocabulary rapidly expands from two-word sentences to knowing their full name and a color.

What psychosocial stage do toddlers experience according to Erikson?

Autonomy vs. Shame or Doubt.

What are key milestones in psychosocial development during toddlerhood?

Independence, Negativism, Parallel and imitative play, and difficulty with emotional regulation leading to temper tantrums.

What is the significance of Negativism in toddlers?

It expresses a need for independence, often shown by frequently saying 'No!'.

What type of play do toddlers engage in during this stage?

Parallel play and imitative play.

What is a common challenge toddlers face regarding emotional regulation?

They often experience temper tantrums.

What is the typical age for full nighttime control in toddlers?

Many do not achieve it until age 5 or older.

What moral development stage do toddlers experience according to Kohlberg?

Punishment/Obedience Orientation (Preconventional Level).

What motivates toddlers to do what is considered 'right' during the Punishment/Obedience stage?

They do what is right to avoid punishment from parents and authority figures.

What is essential for toddlers to understand rules?

They require clear instructions to comprehend what is considered 'right' and 'wrong'.

What nutritional changes occur during toddlerhood?

Appetite decreases, and toddlers may become picky eaters.

What dietary practices promote independence in toddlers?

Allowing self-feeding and offering finger foods.

What is the recommended caloric intake for toddlers based on activity?

1000−1400 kcal per day, avoiding high-sugar foods.

What are the sleep requirements for a 1-year-old toddler?

2 naps and 12 hours of sleep per night.

What are the sleep requirements for a 3-year-old toddler?

1 nap and 8 hours of sleep per night.

What common sleep issue do toddlers experience?

Night terrors.

What is a key aspect of anticipatory guidance for toddler safety?

Childproofing the home, including outlets, medicine cabinets, and gates.

What precautions should be taken regarding toys for toddlers?

Inspect toys for small parts and avoid choking hazards like peanuts, grapes, and popcorn.

What safety measures should be taken during outdoor play for toddlers?

Supervise outdoor play and near water, and use car seats (rear-facing until age 2, depending on height/weight).

What is the cognitive development stage for preschoolers according to Piaget?

Preoperational Stage

What key cognitive milestone involves using words and pictures to represent ideas?

Symbolic Thinking

How does egocentric thinking change during the preoperational stage?

It remains egocentric but improves due to language development.

What type of questions do preschoolers commonly ask to understand their world?

'Why' questions.

What language skills do preschoolers develop during this stage?

They can tell simple stories and use longer, more complex sentences.

What psychosocial development stage do preschoolers experience according to Erikson?

Initiative vs. Guilt

What is a key milestone related to initiative in preschoolers?

They try new tasks and skills, leading to play, initiative, and confidence.

What feelings may preschoolers experience if they are criticized or fail?

Guilt and hesitancy.

What type of play do preschoolers engage in to develop their skills?

Make-believe and imaginative play, often role-playing.

What social skills begin to develop in preschoolers?

They start forming friendships and learning cooperation, sharing, and turn-taking.

What are the stages of moral development according to Kohlberg for preschoolers?

Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment; Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange.

What drives behavior in Stage 2 of moral development?

Self-interest and the potential for rewards.

How do preschoolers view rules during Stage 1 of moral development?

As fixed and absolute, guided by avoiding punishment.

What tasks do preschoolers learn to accomplish in moral development?

Internalize simple rules, grasp the idea of fairness, and understand consequences.

What dietary recommendations are suggested for preschoolers?

Maintain a balanced diet, encourage family meals, and limit sugary drinks and snacks.

How many hours of sleep do preschoolers typically need?

10−13 hours a day, which may include a daytime nap.

What safety guidance should be provided to preschoolers?

Teach them to know their name and address and to never go anywhere with a stranger.

What general guidance is recommended for preschoolers' development?

Encourage creative play, promote healthy routines, and set realistic expectations for behavior.

What cognitive development stage occurs in children aged 6-12 according to Piaget?

Concrete Operational Stage

What key milestone involves understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or appearance?

Concept of Conservation

What type of reasoning allows children in the Concrete Operational Stage to move from specific information to a general principle?

Inductive Logic

What cognitive skill involves understanding cause and effect in children aged 6-12?

Problem-Solving

What psychosocial development stage is characterized by Industry vs. Inferiority according to Erikson?

Children develop a sense of competence and self-esteem through skill development.

What may happen to a child's self-esteem if their efforts are not supported during the Industry vs. Inferiority stage?

They may feel inferior.

What social development milestone is prominent in school-age children?

A strong interest in peer relationships, particularly with same-gender friends.

How do children in the Industry vs. Inferiority stage become more rule-oriented?

They learn conflict resolution.

What moral development stage do children aged 6-12 fall under according to Kohlberg?

Preconventional Stage (Stage 1 & 2)

What is the primary motivation for behavior in the Obedience/Punishment stage of moral development?

To avoid punishment.

What drives actions in the Self-Interest stage of moral development?

Actions are based on self-interest or rewards.

What are some tasks children in the Preconventional Stage are expected to accomplish?

Display empathy, consider others' perspectives, and take responsibility for their actions.

What nutritional guidelines should be followed for school-age children?

Consistent meal and snack times with nutrient-rich foods, limit sugary snacks and drinks, and encourage one hour of physical activity each day.

What sleep recommendations are suggested for children aged 6-12?

Create a consistent sleep routine, limit screen time before bed, and get at least 9−11 hours of sleep each night.

What safety measures should be emphasized for school-age children?

Online/internet safety and the use of helmets while biking or skateboarding.

What general anticipatory guidance should parents provide for school-age children?

Set screen time limits and parental controls, and encourage healthy habits for movement and sports-based safety.

What cognitive development stage occurs during adolescence according to Piaget?

Formal Operational Stage

What is a key milestone of cognitive development in adolescence related to thinking?

Development of abstract thinking and logical reasoning about hypothetical situations.

How does critical thinking manifest in adolescents?

They begin to think critically and question authority.

What form of egocentrism may early adolescents exhibit?

They may focus on themselves and feel insecure.

What vocabulary development occurs during adolescence?

Adolescents develop a more mature vocabulary and use complex sentences.

What psychosocial development stage is characterized by identity vs. role confusion?

This stage occurs during adolescence according to Erikson.

What is a key milestone in psychosocial development related to identity?

Actively working to establish a personal identity and value system.

What independence milestones do adolescents strive for?

Emotional and financial independence from parents.

How do peers influence adolescents during this stage?

Peers become the primary social group, influencing interests and behavior.

What relationship skills do adolescents learn?

They learn to form and maintain mature relationships.

What moral development stage do adolescents reach according to Kohlberg?

Conventional Level (Stage 3 & 4).

What motivates behavior in adolescents at the Conventional Level?

A desire for approval from others.

What social rules do adolescents adhere to during moral development?

They follow laws and social rules because they are seen as the 'right' thing to do.

What tasks do adolescents need to accomplish in terms of moral development?

Establish a personal identity and understand their place in the community and society.

What are the nutritional recommendations for adolescents?

Eat three balanced meals a day and nutritious snacks.

How many hours of sleep should adolescents aim for?

8−10 hours of sleep.

What sleep habits should adolescents maintain?

A consistent sleep schedule and limit screen time and caffeine.