psych 230: research methods exam 2

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define nominal

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Psychology

75 Terms

1

define nominal

measurement that has a clear number; categorical/qualitative data

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2

nominal examples

eye color, ice cream flavors, and nationality.

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3

diff between probability & non-probability sampling

probability sampling: all population members have an equal chance to be selected as long as the population diversity is represented

non-probability sampling: all the populations don't have the same chance to be selected (leaving out ppl)

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4

Probability sampling pros & cons

pros: Good to get a more accurate selection of people that can be applied to the real world.

cons: Might not be as readily available and harder for short time research

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5

Non-probability sampling pros & cons

Pro: Easier to collect samples when don't have the necessary resources.

Con: The downside is that the experiment's results can’t be applied to the real world.

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6

define construct validity

extent to which scores on measure represent the variable or construct they are intended to

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7

list types of validity

  1. face validity

  2. content validity

  3. criterion validity

  4. discriminant validity

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8

define face validity

extent to which variable measures what it is supposed to measure

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9

define Content Validity

extent to which a test samples the behavior that we are interested in; extent to which a measure covers all aspects of the construct of interest

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10

define Criterion Validity

extent to which the measure is related to the outcome & other variables

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11

define Discriminant Validity

Scores on the measures are not related to other measures that are theoretically different.

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12

define confound

external variables that aren't controlled, decreased validity of results

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13

confound ex

This might be the age when looking at obesity and heart disease

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14

list 4 threats to construct validity

1)Reaction 2) socially desirable 3)demand 4)expectancy

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15

Reaction

how people might react differently when they know they are being used for a study

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16

socially desirable

subjects acting as they feel like is a desirable reaction

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17

demand

When subjects try to make sense of the experiment or get inside knowledge

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18

Expectancy

Researchers may be biased in what they are looking at and what they expect to see

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19

Describe single variable research

used for simple experiments, and generally just want to look and learn more about it

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20

single variable research ex

how accurate are first impressions

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21

define ordinal

ranking order w/ no equal intervals

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22

ordinal ex

movie ratings, order of favorite snacks, rank stuff in order

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23

define reliability

extent of which the scores on a measure are consistent across time & multiple items on the same measure

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24

assess reliability by?

redo experiment & compare results

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types of reliability

  1. reliability over time

  2. reliability across items

  3. reliability across researchers

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26

Reliability over time (test-retest reliability)

How well your results should be through a specific time period

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Reliability across items (internal consistency)

the extent to which items on a multiple item measure are consistent with each other. (questions should have some sort of connection to each other)

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Reliability between researchers (interrater reliability)

How consistent the observers are with their judgments.

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29

define statistical validity

how well your results are accurate and can research a conclusion on

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30

statistical validity ex

standard error, standard deviation, and t-test.

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31

list threats to internal validity (MRS.SMITH)

Maturation Regression of the mean selection of subjects selection by maturation interactions mortality instrumentation testing history

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32

define Maturation

a change over time that may change the results for the simple reason of growing

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Maturation ex

a person growing up will probably change answers when they are older or have more experiences.

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define Mortality

Possible absence of subjects for whatever reason that can include death or not wanting to finish the study

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Mortality ex

experiment takes a long time, so some people are unable to continue the time commitment of the study

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36

define Instrumentation

Change in measuring instrument or the use of instruments that might include proper calibration which can threaten validity

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Instrumentation ex

using older data might’ve been collected with different machinery and on different units.

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38

define Regression of the Mean

Only taking the top 10% or bottom 10% to explain your results; the tendency that participants who receive extreme scores when tested, tend to have less extreme scores on subsequent retesting even in the absence of any treatment effects.

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Regression of the Mean ex

A person who scores an extreme value is less likely to do so if given the experiment again.

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40

define Selection of subjects

Any bias in selecting and assigning participants to groups that results in systematic differences between the participants in each group

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Selection of subjects ex

non-random sample selection, cherrypicking certain people because it’s convenient or for other reasons

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define selection by maturation interaction

The treatment and no-treatment groups, although similar at one point, would have grown apart (developed differently) even if no treatment had been administered.

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selection by maturation interaction ex

Boys and girls in 4th grade vs in 10th grade will be different.

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44

define testing

When participants are repeatedly tested, changes in test scores may be more due to practice or knowledge about the test procedure gained from earlier experiences rather than any treatment effects

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testing ex

someone takes the same math test twice, gets a better score on the 2nd attempt.

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46

define history

Extraneous events occurring during the course of the experiment that may affect the participants’ responses on the dependent measure.

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47

history ex

social upheaval may cause change in attitudes or behaviors in people.

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48

Describe cross-sectional research

comparing two pre-existing groups of subjects subjects to specific variables but do not alter such subjects. in medical research exposing subjects to diseases would be highly unethical Instead...take subjects that may already have the characteristics they are looking for and compare them

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49

cross-sectional research ex

-In medical research exposing subjects to diseases would be highly unethical. -Instead take subjects that may already have the characteristics they are looking for and compare them

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50

define survey research

done by sending out questionnaires and relying on individuals to self-report their answers.

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51

survey research characteristics

-relies a lot on the honesty of the individuals. -survey design is essential because it can affect the results.

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52

define interval measurement

meaning, there is order, and the difference between two values is meaningful because there are equal intervals between each score, but there is no true zero

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53

interval measurement ex

temperature, pH, likert scale

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54

Explain correlational research

does not involve the manipulation of variables.

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55

distinguishes correlation research from experimental research

It uses existing data or survey data that is collected. It is easier to do than experimental research and relies highly on participants' honesty. Correlation research does not measure causation, whereas experimental research can test for causation.

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56

Explain what internal validity is

degree to which the changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable, and not by something else.

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57

explain why experiments are considered to be high in internal validity.

how much you can say that your results are due to your manipulations and not any other outside factors.

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58

explain context effect

how the surrounding things affect how one might answer

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59

context effect ex

include a survey with answers that look more off than others, and also the order of questions in the survey can impact how people answer

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60

list ex nonexperimental research

correlational research, archival research, single variable, etc.

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61

distinguish nonexperimental research from experimental research, and give several examples.

There is no manipulation of variables, which makes it different from experimental research.

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62

Explain what a psychological construct

tool used to facilitate understanding of human behavior; observable complex traits, behavioral & internal processes w/ multiple operational definitions;

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63

psychological construct ex

intelligence, self-esteem, and depression

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64

define ratio measurement

includes name, natural order, equal intervals, and a true zero

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ratio measurement ex

height, the kelvin scale, and enzyme activity.

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66

strengths and weaknesses of qualitative research in psychology compared with quantitative research?

Qualitative research brings a deeper understanding than just quantitative data such as numbers. The numbers bring the data to the experiment, and it might be easier to conclude with the numbers.

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67

manipulation of the independent variable & importance

involves the researcher changing that variable and viewing how the dependent variable changes in response to it. -important to see if there is any causation when changing the independent variable related to the dependent variable

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manipulation of extraneous variables & importance

ensures that the trend that the researchers are observing is only due to the manipulation of the independent variable, and not by any outside influence. -increases validity.

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69

Explain external validity

extent our results can be applied or generalized to the real world

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70

two external validity types

Type 1: Ecological -generalizability of the results from one setting to another Type 2: Population -the ability to generalize from your sample to the population of interest

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71

Explain when a researcher might choose to conduct nonexperimental research instead of experimental research

When choosing a nonexperimental, time, money, and resources are all factors

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72

list types of observations

1)Naturalistic Observation 2)Participant Observation 3)Structured Observation

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73

Naturalistic Observation

observing behaviors in the environment in which they occur.

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74

Participant Observation

researchers observe behaviors in the environments in which they occur, but researchers are active participants in the situation.

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Structured Observation

gathering quantitative data on a set of predetermined behaviors Ex: how many times do bowlers laugh or make an angry face after bowling?

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