AP Computer Science Principles Unit 2 Notes

vocab for unit 2!

Vint Cerf + Bob Kahn

The creators of the Internet, who developed it as a result of the Arpanet experiment.

Arpanet

An early experiment in building a communications system that could survive a nuclear attack, leading to the development of the Internet.

Distributed Model

A method of sending messages by breaking them into blocks and routing them through a network of independently operated systems.

Net Neutrality

The principle that all internet traffic should be treated equally, prohibiting discrimination or different charges based on user, content, or platform.

Internet Censorship

The practice of blocking certain websites that do not align with specific values, often for political reasons.

Digital Divide

The gap between individuals who have access to technology and the internet and those who do not.

Routing

The process of data finding a path from sender to receiver across a network.

Bandwidth

The maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time, affecting how quickly messages arrive.

Computing Device

A machine capable of running programs, including computers, tablets, and routers.

Computing System

A group of computing devices and programs working together for a common purpose.

Computing Network

A group of interconnected computing devices that can send or receive data.

Protocol

A set of rules and standards used for communication between machines.

IP Address

A unique number assigned to each device on the Internet, allowing for identification and communication.

IPv4

The version of IP Addressing that allows for over 4 billion unique addresses.

IPv6

The newer version of IP Addressing that allows for over 340 undecillion unique addresses.

DNS (Domain Name System)

A system that translates domain names into IP addresses, enabling browsers to load internet pages.

DNS Spoofing

A cyberattack where a hacker changes an IP address to redirect users to malicious websites.

Router

A type of computer that forwards data across a network.

Redundancy

The inclusion of extra components in a system to ensure continued operation in case of individual component failures.

Fault Tolerant

The ability of a system to continue functioning despite individual component failures.

Packet

A chunk of data sent over a network, which may arrive in order, out-of-order, or not at all.

Packet Metadata

Data added to packets to help route them through the network and reassemble the original message.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

A protocol for sending packets that includes error-checking to ensure all packets are received and properly ordered.

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

A protocol for sending packets quickly with minimal error-checking and no resending of dropped packets.

Datastream

Information passed through the internet in packets.

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

A protocol used for communication between web browsers and servers, primarily through GET requests.

SSL/TLS

Security protocols that add a layer of protection to data transmitted over the internet.

Scalability

The capacity of a system to change in size and scale to meet new demands.

World Wide Web

A system of linked pages, programs, and files that is accessed via the Internet.