chapter 6 study guide

what are the 3 types of cartilage

hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

what does hyaline cartilage do

supports and cushions; most common type

where is hyaline cartilage found

nose, ribs, joints, trachea

what does elastic cartilage do

maintains shape and gives flexibility

where is elastic cartilage found

ears and epiglottis

What does fibrocartilage do?

Resist pressure and absorbs shock

where is fibrocartilage found

Intervertebral disc, knees, pubic symphysis

what are the two ways cartilage growth?

oppositional growth (outside), and interstitial growth (inside)

what are the seven functions of bone?

support protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation, fat storage, hormone production

what does the axial skeleton include

Skull, spine, and rib cage

what is the function of the axial skeleton?

supports and protects organs in the head, neck, and trunk

what does the appendicular skeleton include?

limbs and girdles (shoulders and pelvis)

What is the function of the appendicular skeleton?

helps with movement and environmental interaction

what are the four bone types?

Long, short, flat, irregular

give an example of a long

femur

give an example of a short bone

carpals

give an example of a flat bone

Skull or sternum

give an example of an irregular bone

vertebra

what is the diaphysis?

The shaft of the bone

what is the epiphysis?

The end of a long bone

what is the epiphyseal plate

Growth plate made of Cartilage

what is the medullary cavity?

Hollow Center filled with marrow

What is articular cartilage?

Smooth cartilage on joint surfaces.

What is the endosteum?

Inner membrane lining internal surfaces.

What are perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers?

Fibers that attach periosteum to bone.

What is the nutrient foramen?

Hole for blood vessels and nerves.

What does the nutrient artery do?

Brings blood to bone cells

What is compact bone?

Dense outer layer of bone.

What is spongy bone made of?

Trabeculae (tiny bone plates).

What is diploë?

Spongy bone in flat bones

What is hematopoietic tissue?

Red bone marrow that makes blood cells.

Where is red marrow found in children?

In medullary cavities and spongy bone.

Where is red marrow found in adults?

In flat bones and the ends of femur/humerus.

What are osteoprogenitor cells?

Stem cells that form osteoblasts.

What are osteoblasts?

Cells that build bone.

What are osteocytes?

Mature bone cells that maintain bone

What are osteoclasts?

Cells that break down bone.

What are endochondral bones?

bones the develop from a cartilage model

What are membranous bones?

Bones formed directly from mesenchyme (flat bones).

Endochondral Ossification (5 Steps)

1. Bone collar forms around cartilage.

2. Cartilage calcifies and cavities appear.

3. Blood vessels invade and spongy bone forms.

4. Medullary cavity forms; bone elongates.

5. Epiphyses ossify.

Intramembranous Ossification (4 Steps)

1. Ossification centers form in mesenchyme.

2. Osteoid is secreted and calcifies.

3. Trabeculae form spongy bone.

4. Compact bone and periosteum form.

What is bone remodeling?

The constant breakdown and rebuilding of bone.

What is bone resorption?

Osteoclasts break down bone tissue.

What is bone deposition?

Osteoblasts build new bone.

What hormone increases blood calcium?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

What hormone lowers blood calcium?

Calcitonin

What does Wolff’s Law state?

Bone grows in response to the stress placed on it.

What are the 4 steps of fracture repair?

1. Hematoma forms.

2. Fibrocartilage callus forms.

3. Bony callus forms.

4. Bone remodeling occurs.

What are the main fracture types?

Displaced/nondisplaced, complete/incomplete, open/closed.

What is osteomalacia?

Soft bones due to poor mineralization.

What is osteoporosis?

Bone loss causing porous, weak bones.

What is Paget’s disease?

Disorganized bone remodeling with weak, misshapen bones.

What are common risk factors for osteoporosis?

Age, low hormones, poor diet, no exercise, smoking, alcohol, certain drugs, genetics.