AP Bio Flashcards 44&45

mammals include:

1. Baleen whales  2. Toothed whales

mammalian characteristics

 mammary glands, hair, a four-chambered heart, three middle ear bones, warm blooded

convergent evolution

 similar traits evolve independently in two groups due to similar selective pressures.

analogous

Similarities that resulting from convergent evolution

Living fossils

organisms who have remained relatively unchanged over time.

Ancient DNA

the oldest sequenced DNA comes from a mammoth's tooth 1MYA

Myoglobin

the protein in your muscles that binds oxygen and gives meat/muscle its red color.

Human genome

3 chromosomes; centromere located in the center compared to

Chimpanzee

 remarkably similar genome to humans

Mouse

20 chromosomes; centromere located toward the end; roughly the same size genome with same number of genes as humans

Evolution in Our Time

Peter and Rosemary Grant - studies done on the Galapagos Island named Daphne Major looking at “Darwin’s” finches

Tuberculosis (TB).

Symptoms are absent in most cases. 10% of cases are active, characterized by chronic cough, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.

Malaria

a disease characterized by fever, chills, headache, muscle pain, and sometimes death.

quinine

a chemical found in the bark of the Cinchona tree.

chloroquine

In the 1940’s a more sophisticated drug was developed based on quinine

artemisinin

the active antimalarial component in sweet wormwood in which it, and its derivatives are used to combat malaria.

Homologus

Traits provide evidence for evolution

Morphological Homologies

simularties based on shared ancestry that are structural

Amnotic eggs

a water tight egg of mammals, reptiles, and birds

Amniotes

mammals, birds, and reptiles are called this due to the important trait of amnotic eggs

Yellow monkey Flower

an annual plant that is sometimes able to grow soil contaminated with copper

Tretrapods

four footed animals

Walking legs

a homology shared by amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

Molecular Clock

correlation between the time for which two species have been evolutionary separated and the amount of genetic divergence between them

Histone Genes

encode the protiens around which DNA is wrapped to form Chromatin, is a homoglogus trait

Pax6

encodes a transcript factor that controls eye developmen in a wide range or species

Vestigial Structures

traits that were once useful and functional but are no longer and so tend to be reduced in size or function

Pseudogene

gene that was once used to produce a protien product, but no longer does, so is not expressed

Anatomical Structure

genes that encode protiens can lose function over time

Fossils

remains of once living organisms

Fossil Record

incomplete record of past because it prserves only small fraction of organisms that have ever lived

Nematodes

most abundant animals on Earth

Trace Fossils

tracks or trails of fossils rather than body part

Unicellular organisms with Skeleton

Diatoms, Foraminifera, Radiolarians

Tiktaalik Roseae

a famous fossil showing transitonal form of fish to amphibians

Archaeopteryx

the close relationship between birds and dinosaurs

The commonly used radioactive decay of isotope -

Carbon -14 or ¹⁴C

Radiometric Dating

a process of dating wood and bone

Carbon -14 or ¹⁴C

an isotope of carbon with 8 neutrons and six protones instead of the more stable configuration of six neutrons and six protons

Half-Life

the time it takes for an amount of a substance to reach half its original vaule

Radioactive Half-Life

the time it takes for half of the atoms in a given sample of a substance to decay

Edemic Species

found in one place and nowhere else