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Largest part of the human brain.
Cerebrum
Part of the brain that controls balance and coordination.
Cerebellum
Controls basic life functions like breathing, heart rate, and digestion.
Brainstem
Responsible for higher-level thinking, sensory perception, and voluntary movements.
Cerebral Cortex
Controls decision-making, problem-solving, and voluntary movement.
Frontal Lobe
Processes sensory information like touch and pain.
Parietal Lobe
Responsible for visual processing.
Occipital Lobe
Involved in hearing, memory, and language.
Temporal Lobe
Regulates body temperature, hunger, and hormones.
Hypothalamus
Relays sensory signals to the cerebral cortex.
Thalamus
Contains neuron cell bodies for processing information.
Gray Matter
Made of axons that connect different brain regions.
White Matter
Structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain.
Corpus Callosum
Disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain.
Parkinson's Disease
Regulating temperature, hydration, and energy balance.
Homeostasis
Basic building block of the nervous system.
Neuron
Receive signals from other neurons.
Dendrites
Sends electrical impulses away from the cell body.
Axon
Speeds up signal transmission along the axon.
Myelin Sheath
Support cells that provide nutrients, insulation, and protection.
Glial Cells
Provide structural support and maintain the blood-brain barrier.
Astrocytes
Immune cells that remove dead neurons and fight infections.
Microglia
Produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system.
Schwann Cells
Junction where neurons communicate.
Synapse
Around -70 mV.
Resting Membrane Potential
Triggered when the neuron's membrane potential reaches the threshold (-55 mV).
Action Potential
Occurs when potassium ions exit the neuron, restoring negative charge inside.
Repolarization
Chemical messenger that transmits signals between neurons.
Neurotransmitter
Primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.
Glutamate
Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
GABA
Involved in reward, mood, and motor control.
Dopamine
Regulates mood, appetite, and sleep.
Serotonin
Important for muscle contraction and memory.
Acetylcholine
Disorder linked to low serotonin levels.
Depression
Proteins that recycle neurotransmitters back into the presynaptic neuron.
Reuptake Transporters
Largest part of the brain, responsible for voluntary actions, divided into two hemispheres.
Cerebrum
Bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.
Corpus Callosum
Involved in decision-making, problem-solving, and voluntary movements.
Frontal Lobe
Processes sensory information such as touch and spatial orientation.
Parietal Lobe
Associated with memory, language, and hearing.
Temporal Lobe
Essential for forming new memories.
Hippocampus
Regulates emotions such as fear and pleasure.
Amygdala
Group of structures controlling voluntary motor movements and procedural learning.
Basal Ganglia
Controls autonomic functions like heart rate and breathing.
Medulla
Coordinates voluntary movements and balance.
Cerebellum
Relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex.
Thalamus
Chemicals like dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate that transmit signals between neurons.
Neurotransmitters
Electrical signal traveling down a neuron.
Action Potential
Junction between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released.
Synapse
Light-sensitive cells in the retina (rods and cones).
Photoreceptors
Detect dim light, responsible for night vision.
Rods
Detect color and fine detail.
Cones
Central area of the retina with the highest concentration of cones.
Fovea
Crossover point for optic nerve fibers.
Optic Chiasm
Thalamic relay for visual information.
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
Structure in the forebrain that processes smell.
Olfactory Bulb
Spiral-shaped organ that converts sound vibrations into electrical signals.
Cochlea
Sensory organs on the tongue that detect taste.
Taste Buds
Processes touch, pain, and temperature information.
Somatosensory Cortex
Conversion of sensory stimuli into electrical signals.
Transduction
Light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the eye.
Retina
Area where the optic nerve exits the eye, lacking photoreceptors.
Blind Spot
Region of the brain responsible for processing sound.
Auditory Cortex
Sense of body position and movement.
Proprioception
Controls voluntary muscle movements.
Motor Cortex
Regulates initiation of voluntary movements.
Basal Ganglia
Coordinates muscle movements and balance.
Cerebellum
Neurons that directly control muscle contractions.
Alpha Motor Neurons
Automatic response to stimuli without brain involvement.
Reflex Arc
Disorder caused by degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons.
Parkinson's Disease
Sensory receptor that detects muscle stretch.
Muscle Spindle
Located in the frontal lobe, controls voluntary movement.
Primary Motor Cortex
Transmits signals between the brain and the body.
Spinal Cord
Neurotransmitter that triggers muscle contractions.
Acetylcholine
Bend joints to bring bones closer together.
Flexor Muscles
Straighten joints, increasing the angle between bones.
Extensor Muscles
An alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls.
Motor Unit
Simultaneous activation of agonist and antagonist muscles.
Co-Contraction
Disease where motor neurons degenerate, causing muscle weakness.
ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis)
Key structure in forming long-term memories.
Hippocampus
Plays a role in emotional learning, especially fear.
Amygdala
Memory of facts and events.
Declarative Memory
Memory for skills and tasks.
Procedural Memory
Strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity.
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
Main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.
Glutamate
Protein involved in long-term memory formation.
CREB (cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein)
Memory of personal experiences.
Episodic Memory
Memory of general knowledge and facts.
Semantic Memory
Birth of new neurons, particularly in the hippocampus.
Neurogenesis
Associating a neutral stimulus with fear.
Fear Conditioning
Neurotransmitter involved in reward and motivation.
Dopamine
Hormone linked to social bonding and love.
Oxytocin
Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
Stress Response
Anxiety disorder caused by traumatic events.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Involved in decision-making and planning.
Prefrontal Cortex
Neurons that respond to specific ideas or people.
Concept Cells
Responsible for speech production.
Broca's Area
Responsible for language comprehension.
Wernicke's Area
Language impairment due to brain damage.
Aphasia
Recognizes written letters and words.
VWFA (Visual Word Form Area)
