final exam 3 prep

Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) - pathophysiology

increased pressure from brain edema

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) - pathophysiology

Autoimmune demyelination of CNS neurons; plaques form in brain and spinal cord

Pathophysiology: Autoimmune demyelination of CNS neurons; plaques form in brain and spinal cord - etiology

Autoimmune

Etiology: Autoimmune

genetic predisposition

Cerebral Palsy (CP) - pathophysiology

Non-progressive brain damage affecting movement and posture

Pathophysiology: Non-progressive brain damage affecting movement and posture - cues

Spasticity

Hydrocephalus - pathophysiology

Excess CSF accumulation in brain ventricles due to overproduction

Pathophysiology: Excess CSF accumulation in brain ventricles due to overproduction

obstruction

Cues: Infants - enlarged head

bulging fontanelles

Ischemic stroke (85%): - pathophysiology

Thrombotic or embolic occlusion of cerebral vessels

Pathophysiology: Thrombotic or embolic occlusion of cerebral vessels - cues

Gradual onset

Hemorrhagic stroke (15%): - pathophysiology

Rupture of cerebral blood vessel

Pathophysiology: Rupture of cerebral blood vessel - cues

Sudden severe headache

Alzheimer's Dementia - pathophysiology

Beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles cause neuronal death

Pathophysiology: Beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles cause neuronal death - cues

Progressive memory loss

Parkinson's Disease - pathophysiology

Degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in substantia nigra

Pathophysiology: Degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in substantia nigra - cues

Tremor at rest

Huntington's Disease/Chorea - pathophysiology

Genetic disorder causing progressive degeneration of basal ganglia

Pathophysiology: Genetic disorder causing progressive degeneration of basal ganglia - cues

Choreiform movements

Definition: Recurrent severe headache often with aura

nausea

Bacterial Meningitis - pathophysiology

Bacterial infection of meninges causing inflammation

Pathophysiology: Bacterial infection of meninges causing inflammation - cues

Fever

Brain Cancer - pathophysiology

Primary or metastatic tumors causing increased ICP and disrupted brain function

Pathophysiology: Primary or metastatic tumors causing increased ICP and disrupted brain function - cues

Morning headaches

sickle cell crisis pathophysiology: Vaso-occlusive episodes from sickled cells blocking circulation - cues

Cues during crisis: Severe pain

Iron Deficiency Anemia - pathophysiology

Inadequate iron for hemoglobin synthesis

Pathophysiology: Inadequate iron for hemoglobin synthesis - etiology

Poor dietary intake

Etiology: Poor dietary intake

blood loss

Pernicious Anemia/B12 Deficiency - pathophysiology

Lack of intrinsic factor prevents B12 absorption

Pathophysiology: Lack of intrinsic factor prevents B12 absorption

leading to megaloblastic anemia - etiology

Etiology: Autoimmune destruction of parietal cells

dietary deficiency - cues

Leukemia - pathophysiology

Malignant proliferation of white blood cells in bone marrow

Pathophysiology: Malignant proliferation of white blood cells in bone marrow - cues

Fatigue

Lymphoma - pathophysiology

Malignant transformation of lymphocytes in lymphatic system

Pathophysiology: Malignant transformation of lymphocytes in lymphatic system - cues

Painless lymphadenopathy

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) - etiology

Pathophysiology/ Ascending infection from cervix/vagina to upper reproductive tract (often STI-related)

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) - pathophysiology

Pathophysiology/Etiology: Ascending infection from cervix/vagina to upper reproductive tract (often STI-related)

Pathophysiology/Etiology: Ascending infection from cervix/vagina to upper reproductive tract (often STI-related) - cues

Pelvic pain

Risk factors: Insulin resistance

family history

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH) - pathophysiology

Non-malignant enlargement of prostate gland

Pathophysiology: Non-malignant enlargement of prostate gland - cues

Urinary hesitancy

Erectile Dysfunction (ED) - pathophysiology

Inability to achieve/maintain erection due to vascular

Pathophysiology: Inability to achieve/maintain erection due to vascular

neurological

Risk factors: Cryptorchidism

family history

Risk factors: Age >50

African American race

Clot retraction and dissolution: Healing and clot removal - pathophysiology

Thrombus Formation Pathophysiology

Risk factors: Age

obesity

Pathophysiology: Increased peripheral resistance or cardiac output - cues

Often asymptomatic ("silent killer")

Risk factors: Age

gender

Pathophysiology: Atherosclerotic plaque buildup in coronary arteries - cues

Chest pain

Myocardial Infarction (MI) - etiology

Risk factors/ Same as CHD plus cocaine use

Risk factors/Etiology: Same as CHD plus cocaine use

stress

Pathophysiology: Complete coronary artery occlusion causing myocardial necrosis - cues

Severe chest pain

Right- sided: - pathophysiology

Right ventricle can't pump effectively

Pathophysiology: Right ventricle can't pump effectively - cues

Peripheral edema

Left-sided: - pathophysiology

Left ventricle can't pump effectively

Pathophysiology: Left ventricle can't pump effectively - cues

Pulmonary edema

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) - pathophysiology

Widespread activation of coagulation system leading to both clotting and bleeding

Pathophysiology: Widespread activation of coagulation system leading to both clotting and bleeding - cues

Bleeding from multiple sites

Definition: Destruction of alveolar walls

loss of elastic recoil - cues

Definition: Chronic productive cough ≥3 months for 2 consecutive years - cues

Productive cough

Asthma/Status Asthmaticus - pathophysiology

Chronic airway inflammation with bronchospasm

Pathophysiology: Chronic airway inflammation with bronchospasm

mucus production

Pneumonia - pathophysiology

Infection of lung parenchyma causing inflammatory response with alveolar filling (exudate

Pathophysiology: Infection of lung parenchyma causing inflammatory response with alveolar filling (exudate

fluid

Nosocomial (Hospital-acquired): - pathophysiology

Infection acquired ≥48 hours after hospital admission

Pathophysiology: Infection acquired ≥48 hours after hospital admission

often caused by antibiotic-resistant organisms (MRSA

Aspiration: - pathophysiology

Inhalation of gastric contents

Pathophysiology: Inhalation of gastric contents

food

Tuberculosis (TB) - pathophysiology

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection causing granuloma formation AIRBORNE!

Pathophysiology: Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection causing granuloma formation AIRBORNE! - cues

Persistent cough

Pulmonary Embolism - pathophysiology

Blood clot blocking pulmonary artery

Risk factors: Immobility

surgery

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) - pathophysiology

Genetic defect causing thick

Pathophysiology: Genetic defect causing thick

sticky secretions in lungs and pancreas - cues

Influenza - cues

Pathophysiology: Viral infection that can affect both upper and lower respiratory tracts.

Usually LOW-GRADE FEVER

headaches

Types:

Influenza - pathophysiology

Viral infection that can affect both upper and lower respiratory tracts.

Cues: Usually LOW-GRADE FEVER

headaches

Types: